Attachment 3

Attachment 3

1. Types Of Attachment- AINSWORTH: The Strange Situation

   • 4. Mother returns, then child left completely alone
   • Infants aged 12-18 Months observed through cameras in a playroom
   • 1. Mother and baby introduced to strange room
   • 2. Stranger enters talks to mother and tried to interact with baby
   • 3. Child left alone with stranger
   • Classified in 3 ways- TYPE A: Insecure Avoidant (15%), TYPE B: Secure (70%), TYPE C: Insecure Ambivalent (!5%)
   • EVALUATION
     • Reliable Method- Easily replicated by others worldwide
     • Practical Applications- Can help insecure children
     • Lacks Validity- Argue that strange room may have impacted compared to familiar surroundings

2. Cultural Variations In Attachment- VAN LJZENDOOM and KROONENBERG

   • Meta analysis of 32 studies of attachment done in 8 different countries. Total of 2000 babies took part
   • Findings
     • Type A (INSECURE AVOIDANT): Highest- Germany (35%), 2nd Highest- Holland (26%), 2nd Lowest- Israel (7%), Lowest- Japan (5%)
     • Type B (SECURE): Highest- Britain & Sweden (75%), 2nd Highest- Japan (65%), 2nd Lowest- Germany (57%), Lowest- China (50%)
     • Type C (INSECURE AMBIVALENT): Highest- Israel (29%), 2nd Highest Japan (27%), 2nd Lowest- Sweden (4%), Lowest- Britain (3%)
   • EVALUATION
     • Conducted in individualistic rather than collectivist cultures
     • Difficult to draw conclusions- Over half of studies were conducted in USA
     • TAKAHASHI: found that Strange Situation is inappropriate to use with Japanese children as they are never left alone

3. BOWLBY'S Theory Of Maternal Deprivation

   • 1. Prolonged emotional deprivation has long-term negative consequences
   • 2. Not enough to ensure child's physical needs are met. Essential that children have a warm, intimate and continuous relationship
   • 3. If no care given during critical period, child may become emotionally disturbed. If substitute figure not found may lead to affectionless psychopathy, permanent damage and reduced intellectual ability
   • EVALUATION
     • Benefitted Children- Hospital visiting policies changed to ensure parents could stay
     • Research Support- 44 Juvenile Thieves, shows a clear link
     • BARRETT- found that not all children suffer negative long-term consequences