C4 - Chemical Patterns

C4 - Chemical Patterns

1. Atoms

   • The Electrons
     • Move around the nucleus, negatively charged, virtually no mass, arranged in shells
   • The Nucleus
     • Contains protons and neutrons, it has a positive charge because of the protons, tiny
   • 1) Protons - heavy, positively charged 2) Neutrons - heavy, neutral 3) Electrons - tiny, negatively charged
   • No. of Protons = No. of Electrons
     • Neutral atoms have no overall charge
     • The charge on the number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom
     • If electrons are lost or gained the particle will have a charge and is called an ion.
   • Each element has a different number of protons
     • No. of protons in an atom that decides what element it is

2. Chemical Equations

   • Atoms aren't lost or made in chemical reactions
   • (s) - solid, (l) - liquid, (aq) - aqueos, (g) - gas

3. Line Spectrums

   • Some elements emit light when heated
     • Lithium - red flame
     • Sodium - yellow/orange flame
     • Potassium - lilac flame
   • When heated, atoms release energy as light
     • The electrons move to higher energy orbits
       • Electrons then drop back from outer orbits to inner orbits
         • They give out light energy as they do
           • Each energy jump corresponds to a particular lcolour in the spectra
             • Only certain energy jumps are possible so this is why the spectrum consists of lines

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