Human Memory

Human Memory

1. Encoding

   • Involves foring a memory code. Emphasize how it looks, sounds or means.
   • Storage
     • Maintaining encoded information in memory over tie
     • Retrieval
       • Recovering information from memory stores

2. The role of attention

   • Attention involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
     • Attention in critical to encoding memories

3. Levels of Processing

   • Structural encoding
     • Shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
     • Phonemic encoding
       • Emphasizes what a word sounds like
       • Sematic encoding
         • Emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
         • Levels of processing theory: Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

4. Elaboration

   • Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
   • Visual Imagery
     • Imagery- the creatipn of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
     • Dual coding theory: Memory is enhanced by forming sematic and visual codes, since either lead can recall

5. Short term memory

   • A limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
   • Rehearsal
     • Repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
     • In using maintenance rehearsal you are simply maintaining the information in consciousness

6. Capacity of storage

   • Short term memory is also limited to the number of items it can hold
     • Chunk
       • Is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

7. Working memory

   • Limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action.
   • Baddeley's model of working memory
     • Phonological loop that represented all of STM in earlier models
       • Visuospatial sketchpad that permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate late images
         • Central executive system that controls deployment of attetion
           • Working memory capacity
             • One's ability to hold and manipulate information In conscious attempt

8. Long term memory

   • Unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
   • Flashbulb memories
     • Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
     • What makes them special is that people feel these memories are vivid, and have confidence in their accuracy

9. Clustering

   • The tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
   • Conceptual hierarchy
     • Multilevel classification system based on common properties among ites

10. Schema

    • Organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

11. Sematic network

    • Nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
    • parallel distributed processing
      • Assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that remember neural networks.

12. Retrieval

    • tip of the tongue phenomenon in the inability to remember something you know & fail to retreive
    • Tulving's encoding specificity principle was that your memory would be better when the conditions during encoding & retrieval were similiar
      • misinformation effect
        • Participant's recall of an event they witnessed is altered  by introducing misleading postevent information
    • Reality monitoring refers to deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources
      • Source monitoring involves making attributions about the origins of memories
        • Source monitoring error's occur when a memory is derived from one source is misattributed to another source
    • Destination memory involves recalling to whom one has told