Discovered how to stain and grow
bacteria in a petri dish
From this he was able to find what bacteria
caused septicaemia, TB, and cholera. Later
discovered Typhoid, pneumonia and plague
Louis Pasteur
Discovered that germs
cause disease
Invented the Pasteurisation of Milk, which
prevented it going sour by killing germs and
sealing it from the air
Joseph Lister
Invented the multi-lens
microscope, allowing
doctors to see very small
organisms accurately
Surgery
Doctors made to
wash their hands in
calcium chloride
Standards of cleanliness and nursing
rose due to Florence Nightingale
Joseph Lister sprayed carbolic acid on
instruments and bandages to stop infection
Surgeons boiled their instruments to sterilise them
Landsteiner discovered Blood groups to
stop people being killed from clotting
Lewisohn discovered that
sodium citrate stopped blood
clotting
National Blood transfusion service was setup
X-Rays discovered to help internal surgery
Laughing gas discovered as an anaesthetic
War meant that army surgeons
were needed for amputations
Crimean war led to the development of
nursing (Nightingale)
Methods of Treatment &
Diagnosis
Charles Chamberland discovered by
chance that injecting chickens with a
weakened form of chicken cholera
gave them immunity to disease
(Principle of Inoculation)
Paul Ehrlich discovered that different
dyes could stain bacteria and some
chemicals would kill them. He
discovered several magic bullets that
would target disease causing
microbes in the body and kill them
Alternative cures included
injections of animal hormones,
cocaine, mercury, and creosote
Public Health
Towns were overcrowded
Edwin Chadwick argued that disease
was the reason for poverty
A Cholera epidemic made the government do
something about the prevention of disease
Miasma was believed to be
the cause of disease. Although
this is wrong, it lead to much
cleaner environments
Nightingale influenced improvements in
hospital hygeine