present perfect

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PRESENT PERFECT

of any verb is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (in present) and the "past participle" of the main verb.

he form of the "past participle" of a regular verb is root + ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. As for the irregular verbs it is necessary to memorize

Affirmative

Subject to have past participle

She has visited.

Negative

Subject to have + not past participle

She has not (has not) visited.

Interrogative

to have subject past participle

Has she visited?

Negative question

to have + not subject past participle

Has not she visited?

TO WALK, "PRESENT PERFECT"

AfirmativaNegativaInterrogativa

I have walkedI haven't walkedHave I walked?

You have walkedYou haven't walked.Have you walked?

He, she, it has walkedHe, she, hasn't walkedHas he, she, it walked?

We have walkedWe haven't walkedHave we walked?

You have walkedYou haven't walkedHave you walked?

They have walkedThey haven't walkedHave they walked?

FUNCIONES DEL "PRESENT PERFECT"

El "present perfect" se emplea para señalar un vínculo entre el presente y el pasado. El tiempo en que transcurre la acción es anterior al presente pero inespecífico y, a menudo, recae un mayor interés sobre el resultado que sobre la propia acción.

EL "PRESENT PERFECT" SE UTILIZA PARA DESCRIBIR

Una acción o situación iniciada en el pasado y que continúa en el presente. I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= todavía vivo allí.)

Una acción realizada durante un periodo de tiempo aún no concluido. Shehas beento the cinema twice this week (= la semana todavía no ha terminado.)

Una acción repetida en un periodo temporal inespecífico situado entre el pasado y el presente. We have visited Portugal several times.

Una acción que ha concluido en un pasado muy reciente, lo que se indica mediante 'just'. I have just finished my work.

Una acción para la cual no es importante el momento preciso en que aconteció. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= lo relevante es el resultado de la acción)

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