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Acquisition of skill

Skill and ability

Skill - Learned ability to bring about pre - determined results with maximum certainty and, often with minimum of time, energy or both

Ability - A stable, enduring and mainly genetically determined characteristic that underpins skilled performance and can be used in a variety of skills

Glacear

Goal - directed:intention to do it

Learned: repeated practice and experience

Aiming to achieve

Consistent: executed with maximum certainty

Exellent performance: of a high quality

Aesthetic on the eye: controlled and effective

Recognisable: techniques can be named and compared

Classification of motor skills

Three types of skills:

Intellectual skill - skills which involve the use of a person's mental powers - include problem solving and verbal reasoning

Perceptive skill - Involves making sense of information coming in via our senses - analysing your own location, others on the field, flight of the ball, decision making pass or run

Mental skill - Physical movements and muscular control - passing

Gross - large muscle movements - large muscle groups - major bodily movement skills

Fine - small muscle movements - small muscle groups - small bodily movements

closed - not affected by the environment - stable and predictable - internally paced - stereotypical movements

open - affected by the environment - unstable and often unpredictable - externally paced - variations of skill needed - often movements require adjustment

Discrete - clear beginning and end - single skill e.g golf swing

serial - number of discrete skills put together e.g triple jump

continuous - unclear beginning, middle and end e.g cycling

internally paced - at your own pace - choose when movement starts e.g shot put

externally paced - control is not determined - involves the performer reacting

simple - low number of decisions to make - small info to process - time to evaluate the situation e.g swimming

complex - many decisions required - large amounts of info to process - shot amount of time to evaluate the situation e.g gymnastics

low organisation classification - parts of the skill can be separated and practised - sub - routines can be identified e.g serve in tennis

high organisation classification - difficult to spot individual parts - often needs to be practised e.g golf swing, cycling

Characteristics of ability

Ability - inherited and enduring trait that underlines or supports various kinds of motor or cognitive activities or skills. they are genetically determined

Abilities are...

stable and enduring

genetic, inherited traits

crucial for underpinning skills and abilities

NINE MAJOR GROSS MOTOR ABILITIES

dynamic strength - exerting muscular force repeatedly over a period of time

static strength - maximum strength that can be exerted against an external object

explosive strength - energy used effectively for a short burst of muscular effort

trunk strength - the strength of the abdominal muscles

extent flexibility - flexing or stretching the trunk and back muscles

dynamic flexibility - being able to make several rapid flexing movements

stamina - the capacity to sustain maximum effort involving the cv system

gross body co-ordination - the organisation of the actions of several parts of the body whilst the body is moving

gross body equilibrium - being able to maintain balance using the internal forces

EIGHT EXAMPLES OF PSYCHOMOTOR ABILITIES

multi limb co-ordination - being able to organise the movement of several limbs at the same time

response orientation - choosing quickly to the position which an action should be made

reaction time - being able to react quickly to a stimulus

speed of movement - being able to make a gross motor movement

finger dexterity - being able to work with tiny object using the fingers

manual dexterity - being able to make accurate arm/hand movements involving

rate control - being able to change the speed and direction of responses accurately

aiming - being able to aim accurately at a small object

Three States of Learning

cognitive phase

initial phase of learning process

mental picture - demo and verbal explanations

more complex - take long to learn

small chunks of info given

How can we aid beginners?

demo

simple verbal instructions

trial and error

specific equipment

Associative phase

significantly longer

start to eliminate mistakes

refine skills

sub-routines,co-ordination are smoother and flow

motor programmes are developed

skills are practised and refined

use of internal and kinaesthetic feedback

Autonomous phase

become automatic

minimum concious thought needed

autonomous characteristics

automatic

preformed without stress

little concious control

habitual

becomes GLACEAR

can be adapted

advantages of autonomous phase

motor programme is now grooved

concentrate on other aspect

increase self confidence

improvements in performance are now much slower

Methods of manipulating motor skills

part practice

break down skill into parts and practice them individually

Advantages

perfect for high complex and serial skills

disadvantages

takes a long time

can't use for things like diving - continuous, complex skill

whole practice

skills are taught as a whole movement

perfect for high organisation and highly complex skills

advantages

helps the learner to understand the movement

disadvantages

not suitable for complex or dangerous skills

progressive part practice (A,B,C/A,B/A,B,C)

skill is practised in parts

advantages

good for complex skills

good for skills low in organisation

disadvantages

not suitable for skills high in organisation

whole part whole method

skills are taught as a whole skill

coaches identify areas to work on

skill is then done as a whole

advantage

get the feel for the skill

quicker than part skill

disadvantages

not suitable for highly organised or dangerous skills

Types of guidance

visual guidance

most effective at cognitive phase

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