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Commas in Introductory Phrases:

Put a comma after a phrase at the beginning of the sentence if it is at least 3 words.

In the beginning of the semester, we studied commas.

On top of the fridge by the door, there was a pumpkin.

Check to see if it had a participle and subject, if so it is NOT an introductory phrase.

Commas in compound/complex sentences:

In compound/complex sentences, put commas between the two INDEPENDENT clauses.

(Independent clause)(,) (conjunction) (independent clause) (dependent clause)

I read half a book last night, and I am tired because I didn't get enough sleep.

Commas in a series:

When you're listing more than two items put commas between each item and before the conjunction.

I like eggs, bacon, and toast.

EXCEPTION!!!! If you use conjunctions in between the items, you DON'T need commas

I like bacon and eggs and toast.

Commas in compound sentences:

A compound sentence is two independent clauses put together with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

I want pie, but I don't have any pie.

Commas in a complex sentence:

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one dependent clause. If it starts with the dependent clause, it has a commas between the clauses begins with a subordinating conjunction (AAWWUBBIS)

Although I am tired, I will stay up and study.

I have to study because there's a test tomorrow (NO COMMA)

Commas in Parenthetical Expressions

When saying something that can be taken out, one should separate with commas (In my opinion, on the other hand, by the way, on the contrary, in fact, however)

Kids should, in my opinion, stay off IPads in restaurants.

Many parents, however, would not agree with me.

These expressions can also be called basket cases because you can use the "handles' or commas to take them out.

Commas in Quotations

Put a comma before the quote:

I said,"Stop!"

Put a comma at the end of a quote if you're continuing the quote later:

"Well," she said,"I guess so."

Put a comma after attribution (he said, she said) and before you continue the quote

"Yeah," Mary replied," I know."

Put a comma at the end of a quote if it's not the end of the sentence:

"Please be quiet," she said.

Commas of direct address: