architecture and features

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CPU- CPU acts as a mind of any processing machine. It synchronizes and manages all processes that are carried out in a microcontroller

INTERRUPTS- Interrupts is a subroutine call that given by the microcontroller when some other program with high priority is request for acquiring the system buses the n interrupts occur in current running program. Interrupts provide a method to postpone or delay the current process, performs a subroutine task and then restart the standard program again.

MEMORY- Microcontroller also requires memory for storage of data and operands for the short duration. In a microcontroller 8051 there is code or program memory of 4kb that is it has 4kb ROM nad it also comprises of data memory RAM of 128 bytes.

BUS- Bus is a group of wires which uses a communication canal or act as means of data transfer. The different bus configuration includes 8,16 or more cables. therfore a bus can bear 8 bits,16 bits all together. the buses are address bus and data bus.

timer- microcontroller is a digital circuit therefore it needs timer for their operation. To perform timer operation inside microcontroller it requires externally connected or on chip oscillator. Therefore 8051 microcontroller uses two 16 bit counters and timers. for the operation of this timers and counters the oscillator is used inside the microcontroller.

oscillator- A clock signal allows the operations inside the microcontroller and other parts to be synchronous. A clock generator is an integral part of the microcontrollers architecture and the user has to provide an additional timing circuit in the form of a crystal.

I/O PORT- I/O provides the microcontroller a physical connection to the outside world. Input ports provide a gateway for passing on the data from the outside world with the help of sensors. output port allows the microcontroller to control external devices.

SERIAL PORT - A serial port ia a communication interface through