Phonetics & phonology

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Phonetics & Phonology

prod. of speech sounds | patterns of sounds

Special relations between spelling and pronunciation

Homography:

'record (N) - re'cord (V)

'conduct (N) - con'duct (V)

Homophony:

write - right - rite

brake - break

hear - here

sea - see

know - no

Orthography vs. phonology/phonetics:

spelling system: -----> orthography

sound system: -------> phonetic transcription /.../ or [...]

Important Terminology:

PHONEME: smallest phonological unit that distinguishes meaning

MINIMAL PAIR: pit - bit, thy - thigh,

COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION: regular occurence of two or several linguistic elements; one element cannot occur where another one occurs

e.g. clear L vs. dark L

ALLOPHONE: complementary distributed variant of a phoneme

FREE VARIANT: not complementary distributed; independant of position, e.g. depend on regional or individual accent

either - either

tomato, tomato

speaker's brain: = phonology

speaker's mouth: = articulatory phonetics

transmission of sound through air: = acoustic phonetics

listener's ear: = auditory phonetics

listener's brain: = phonology

Cardinal Vowels

Reference vowels established by phoneticians to describe sounds of a language

Current system was completed by Daniel Jones (early 20th century)

8 primary cardinal vowels:

+ secondary vowels -> umlauts

vowel: airstream

consonant: airstream is blocked

Consonants:

Manner of articulation:

Plosives (Explosion) [p, b, t, d, k, g]

Fricatives (Reibung) [f, v, s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ, h]

Affricatives [tʃ, dʒ]

Nasals [m, n, ŋ]

Approximants:

- Liquids [l, r]

- Glides (semi-vowels) [w, j]

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