Psychology Theories - created from Mind Map

Page 1

Operant Conditioning

Psychosexual Development

Schema

Hierarchy of Needs

“According to Freud, sex is the main driver of human behaviour. Children go through phases of sexual development, defined by the body’s erogenous zones: oral, anal and genital..Any problems along this journey will lead to fixations that will affect the person into adult life” (Jarrett, 2013, p.21).

A schema is the basic building block of knowledge that is used by a person to interpret the things that they encounter. Schemata become increasingly complex as a child grows and encounters more situations (Singer & Revenson, 1997).

B. F. Skinner

Edward Thorndike

“A learning process whereby behaviour is influenced through a system of reward and punishment. This can take the form of positive or negative reinforcement, in which a reward is given or a penalty removed to encourage certain behaviour. Or it can take the form of positive or negative punishment, whereby punishment is threatened or a reward is removed to discourage certain behaviour” (Jarrett, 2013, p. 130).

Developed the theory of operant conditioning based on Thorndike's law of effect (Jarrett, 2013).

Skinner's Box

“A animal such as a rat is placed in the box which has a grid floor. In the box is a lever that the animal can press. When pressed, the lever causes food to be delivered to be delivered into a little receptacle in the wall of the box. in other experiments an electric shock was delivered to the animal through the grid floor, but the lever could be arranged so that when pressed it stopped the shock. In this way Skinner could study the conditions that affected how the rat learned to get the food or escape the shock” (Watson, 1992, p. 178).

Law of Effect

“Specifies that at any time a behaviour is followed by a pleasant outcome, that behaviour is likely to recur” (Gall, Beins & Feldman, 1996, p. 44).

Sigmund Freud

1. Oral Stage: "In the first stage of personality development the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breast-feeding" (Mcleod, 2008).

2. Anal Stage: “The libido now becomes focused on the anus and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world (i.e. their ego has developed)” (Mcleod, 2008).

3. Phallic Stage: “Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure and the child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences," (Mcleod, 2008).

4. Latent Stage: No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage. The libido is dormant. Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed and energy is directed towards hobbies and building friendships (Mcleod, 2008).

5. Genital Stage: Genital Stage: (Puberty-Adult): “ It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20's. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage” (Mcleod, 2008).

Jean Piaget

Abraham Maslow

Personality is composed of three components. Conflicts can arise if the components are not in harmony (Jarrett, 2013, p.18).

Id: "Governed by pleasure and seeks immediate gratification" (Jarrett, 2013, p.18).

Ego: "Concerned with making rational decisions " (Jarrett, 2013, p.18).

Superego: "Concerned with making rational decisions" (Jarrett, 2013, p.18).

Libido: "Physiological and psychic energy associated with sexual urges" ("Libido & APA," 2014).