Human Growth and Development Exam 2: Prenatal Development

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Human Growth and Development Exam 2

Stages of Prenatal Development

1.

The

period of the zygote

- Amniotic sack forms

- Cells form placenta

2.

The

embryonic stage

- Develop major organs

- Heart starts to work around 21-22 days

- Critical period

3.

The

fetal stage

- 12-16 weeks can determine sex of baby

- Lanugo

- 22-24 weeks life outside womb is possible

Teratogens: any environmental agent that causes

damage during prenatal period

-

Smoking:

low birth weight, miscarriage, inc risk for colic

-

Medications

~ Marijuana: smaller head, dec attention, academic difficulties

-

Alcohol:

~ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Dec in growth, abnormal facial features, eyes far

apart

~ Fetal Alcohol Effect: Inc psychiatric and behavioral disorders, may not enjoy

the smell of alcohol

Rh Factor Incompatibility: If woman is Rh- and

husband is Rh+, and woman has a baby that is Rh+, it is okay for the first

pregnancy. But, for the next pregnancy, if the baby is Rh+ again, the body will

attack the baby because of antibodies made to defend the mother’s body because

of her last pregnancy.

-

Treatment:

RhoGam

-

Give

at 28 weeks and 72 hours before baby is born

Maternal Infections

- Rubella: 85% of babies

effected within the first trimester

~

Blind, deaf, miscarried

- STDs: depends on timing of

exposure

~ Often miscarried

~ Treat mother

with penicillin

-

Cytomegalovines:

~ Mental

disability, deafness

- Toxoplasmosis: parasite that

harbors in the gut of cat or cow

-

Hepatitis B: no birth defects

~ Low birth

weight, premature delivery

Maternal Nutrition

-

Overweight:

15-25 lbs

-

Underweight:

28-40 lbs

-

Normal

weight: 25-35 lbs

Variables Related to Childbirth that Affect the

Baby

-

APGAR

Score: Done 1 and 5 minutes after baby is born; score 1-7

Premature Birth Weight

-

Low

birth weight:

-

Less

than 35 weeks

-

Developmental

& behavioral problems

Sensory Capacities

-

Touch:

snuggling and cuddling important to stimulate growth. Skin to skin

-

Taste/smell:

more developed than vision and hearing; used to mother’s breat milk

-

Hearing:

familiar with mother’s voice

-

Vision:

like shapes and designs that are black and white. Full color not until 4 months

-

Depth

perception: lets toddler know where edges are

Reflexes

-

Rooting

-

Sucking

-

Startle/Moro

-

Grasping

-

Stepping/Walking

-

Swimming

-

Babinski

Physical Characteristics of Newborn

-

Misshapen

head

-

Soft

spots

~ Posterior close @ 2-3 months

~ Anterior close @ 18 months

-

Acrocyanocis:

normal blueish color on soles of hands and feet

-

Jaundice:

yellowish color; excess amount of RBC’s; baby cannot process all of the belly

Ruben in liver; may need photo therapy

-

Umbilical

cord: shrivels off within 7-14 days

-

Circumcision:

Phimosis (tightening of the foreskin and painful; inc risk for cancer)

-

Body

Growth: Normal weight and height= 7.5 lbs and 19-20 inches long

~ Cephalocaudal principle

~Proximodistal principle

Development of Cerebral Cortex

-

Frontal:

personality, expression, emotions

-

Temporal:

hearing and memory

-

Occipital:

vision

-

Parietal:

taste, smell, touch

-

Need

a lot of stimulation

-

Earliest

attachment pos/neg will effect child’s relationships

Nutrition Needs

-

Gains

trust

-

Greatest

amt of growth (double by 6 mon and triple by 12 mon)

-

Breastfeeding:

~ Antibodies

~ Bonding

~ Dec risk for asthma, ear

infection, and obesity

~ Dec risk for ovarian and breast

cancer in mother

-

Bottlefeeding:

~ Disadvantage= have a lot of

protein and can be hard on the baby’s liver

~ BUN= high

~ Room temp

-

Cow’s

Milk:

~ Not recommended until age one

~ Can hurt kidneys

~ Should always be whole milk

-

Water

~ Dehydration: sunken eyes and crying with no tears

Feeding Schedules/Weaning

- When baby is hungry, will

cry and suck on hands

-

Avoid

honey and egg yolks

Food jags: when toddlers prefer only one

particular food for a long time; important to introduce healthy choices early

on. Lifelong habit

Sleep Pattern of Toddlers: child gets out of

crib; time to get bed; no juice at bedtime only water

Toddler Speech

-

Receptive:

can understand language before they can say it

-

Expressive:

ability to express what they want

-

Telegraphic:

saying what they want with only essential words

-

Echolalia:

repeat what they hear

Gross and Fine Motor Development

-

At

9 months begin to develop pincer grasps

-

At

11-13 months walk independently

Object Permanence: Piaget; child looks for toy

where they last had it if they cannot find it; HUGE milestone for memory

Erikson’s Theory of Infant and Toddler

Personality

-

Two

polarities: positive and negative

-

1.

Trust vs. Mistrust

~ Parent/infant relationship

~ Bonding

~ Is the caregiver relieving

discomfort, is there love and caring

~ If needs not met, child may

experience failure to thrive

-

2.

Shame vs. Doubt (Toddler)

~ Sense of independence

~ If parents keep them dependent on

things they can do on their

own, child will have lifelong doubts

~ Caregivers must have patience

Development of Attachment

-

Bonding:

promotes survival and sense of security; beings immediately after birth; forms

trust later in life

-

Engrossment:

father’s initial response to baby; promotes contact; skin to skin desire

-

Assess

parental difficulty in establishing attachment

Four Patterns of Attachment

-

Secure:

child secure with parent; when separated child may or may not cry; able to ease

into daycare; child happy to see parent

-

Avoidant:

when parents leave, they don’t mind; slow to go to parent when they are picked

up

-

Resistant:

fail to explore; hold on to parents leg; distressed before they even get to

daycare or somewhere without them

-

Disoriented:

greatest amount of insecurity; confused when picked back up; anxiety that

parent may leave them again

Emotional and Social Development

- Separation anxiety

-

Temperment

~ Easy child

~ Slow-to-warm up

~ Difficult

Kohlberg’s Moral Theory of Development:

right/wrong; preconventional level- child just learning right from wrong and

complies with rules to avoid getting in trouble

Guidance and Discipline

-

Temper

tantrum: child wants attention, ages 1-3, hungry, tired, they can’t explain

what they want

-

Discipline:

guidance to help understand how to take care of themselves and others

-

Avoid

them

-

Ward

of frustrations if they can’t do something big kids are doing

-

Ignore

behaviors, ensure child is safe, remove child in calm voice

-

Spanking:

NO; leads to increased aggression, inc depression, spousal abuse

Physical Characteristics of Preschool Years

-

Brain growth

~ 90% of adult growth

~ Cerebellum growth

inc coordination

~ Eye hand

coordination

~ Right/left hand

distinguished

-

Slow growth: 2.5-3 in and 5 lbs per year

-

Begin to lose primary teeth at age 6

Denver II Developmental Screening Test: evaluate

fine and motor skills; also interactions; identifies developmental deviations;

assessment tool for developmental delays

Early School Experiences

-

Preschool

only helps with socialization

-

Project

Head Start:

~ Age 3-4

~ Available for lower socioeconomic

~ Nutritional services

~ Good for cognitive and social

skills for formal kindergarten

-

Montessori

~ Follow Piaget model – child should

decide what to do that day; model for human development

-

Pre-kindergarten:

½ a day; classroom based learning

-

Kindergarten:

1st primary school, but many kids don’t do this at age 5

Communication of Toddlers

-

Know

3k-5k words

-

Phonology:

speech sounds

-

Semantics:

word meaning; know 8k word meanings by age 5

-

Pragmatics:

social communication skills

Play and Friendships

-

Functional

play

-

Constructional

play

-

Parallel

play

-

Onlooker

play

-

Associative

play: 2 or more play and share and borrow; interaction

-

Cooperative

play

Play Patterns

-

Imaginary

friend

-

Magical

thinking

-

Animism:

nonliving objects have feelings and act like humans

Freud’s Oedipus or Electra: child directs

feelings of love toward the parent of the opposite sex; resolved by the end of

preschool

-

If

they get along with parent as a preschooler, more likely they will have a good

relationship with parent as they grow up

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage: have imagination;

perception based on thinking; fooled by appearance

-

Centration:

they are only able to focus on one thing at a time

-

Conservation:

2 glasses and 1 large glass, which on has more water in it

Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory:

interactions and language with caregiver are the most important aspect of

cognitive development; zone of proximal development; scaffold

Erikson’s Imitative vs. Guilt: preschooler does

things in his/her own way; if inhibited, preschooler will feel guilt and may

stop trying new creative things

Emotional Development

-

Self

concept: encouraged, more positive self concept

-

Self

esteem: emerges with a friend; will dec if parent doesn’t encourage

-

Better

self esteem than self concept= empathy

Guidance and Discipline: be consistent and child

will learn what behaviors are not allowed

Parenting Styles

-

Authoritarian

-

Authoritative

-

Permissive

-

Neglectful

-

Intimidated

Child Maltreatment

-

Most

common perpetrator is a parent or caregiver

-

Impairs

cognitive and physical problems

-

Aggressive,

peer difficulties, dec self esteem

-

Maltreatment

identified by screening

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