Equilibria

Page 1

Ammonium Chloride contains oppositely charged ions. State the formula of each ion:

NH4+ (Different to gas.) Cl-.

Chemical Test to show that a substance contains ammonium ions:

1) Add sodium hydroxide solution and warm.

2) Test for ammonia gas with damp red litmus paper.

3) Litmus paper turns blue.

Chemical Test to who show that the substance contains chloride ions:

1) Add silver nitrate solution.

2) Add dilute nitric acid.

3) White solid precipitate forms.

Haber Process:

Nitrogen from air.

Hydrogen from natural gas.

Iron as the catalyst.

450 degrees temperature.

200 atmospheres for pressure.

Explain how the unreacted gases are separated from the ammonia:

The temperature is lowered.

As a result the ammonia liquifies/condenses.

Predict the effect on the rate of reaction and on the equilibrium position by using a higher temperature:

Page 2

If the heat enthalpy change is negative than the reaction is exothermic so the energy level diagram looks like this...

Page 3

Predict and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of changing the pressure

to 5 atm.

Rate of reaction is decreased. Because particles are further apart and so have fewer collisions per second.

Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of changing the

pressure to 5 atm.

Equilibrium shifts to the right because most number of molecules on the right.

State two features of a reaction mixture that is in dynamic equilibrium.

Rate of forward reaction = rate of the backwards reaction.

Amounts of components remain constant.

Amounts of reactants and products stay the same.

MASS IN GRAMS!!!!!