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Birth rates and death rates affect the growth of a country, which then plays a part in affecting the pyramid.

Population Pyramids will go through 5 stages in their population cycle from stage 1 to 5.

Stage 1

Concave profile

- High BR

- Fall in upward age due to high DR

- Short Life expectancy

Stage 2

Triangular Shape

- High BR

- Fall in DR

-slightly longer life expectancy

Stage 3

Convex Profiles

- Declining BR

- Low DR

- Longer life expectancy

Stage 4

Convex Profile

- Low BR

- Low DR

- Higher Dependency Ratio

- Longer life expectancy

Stage 5

- low and falling BR

- Falling Fertility Rate

- Ageing population

Italy Case Study

-Issue about falling birth rates and falling fertility rates

- Expected to decline by 2 million in 20 years - that's with a net immigration of 150,000 every year.

- Life expectancy is 81, one of the highest in the world.

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Population Pyramids

Italy Case Study