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Flashcards

Pharmacology 1

Deleted user User has deleted their subject information English 113 cards

Cards in this deck (113)

  1. 1What are the 3 main types of names used to recognize drugs?Brand name
    Chemical composition
    Generic names
  2. 2What are the 4 main types of drug classification?Pharmacotherapeutic
    Pharmacological actions
    Chemical Structure
    Company Classification
  3. 3Which type of name does the WHO recommend using within the clinical setting and why?Generic as they are the most simplified name and provide clues to the origin, use, action or structure of the drug
  4. 4What is another name for generic drugs?International non-propriety names (INN)
  5. 5Which type of drug classification is according to the condition being treated?Pharmacotherapeutic applications
  6. 6Which type of drug classification is based on how the drug achieves its effect?Pharmacological actions
  7. 7Which type of drug classification is based on molecular structure?Chemical structure
  8. 8Which type of drug classification is based on code names used for drugs still within the early stages of development?Company classification
  9. 9What are the 4 major types of Molecular targets?Carriers, Enzymes, Receptors and Ion Channels
  10. 10What are the 3 mechanisms for how drugs work?Agonists/ Antagonists
    Affinity (potency)
    Efficacy
  11. 11How do drugs work?Interfering or inhibiting natural processes required for normal physiological function which may have been disrupted by disease
  12. 12What is the physiological function of carriers?Moving nutrients and waste products into and out of cells and organs
  13. 13Where are Carriers located?In the cell membrane
  14. 14List a clinical example of Carriers as the drug targetDepression: inhibitor of neurotransmitter uptake (serotonin)
  15. 15What is the physiological function of Enzymes?Regulating protein concentrations and
  16. 16What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitorsCompetitive Enzyme inhibitors can be displaced (effects slowed or stopped) by adding more substrate, non-competitive Enzyme inhibitors cannot be displaced with more substrate
  17. 17What is substrate?The substance on which enzymes act
  18. 18What is a clinical example of competitive Enzyme inhibitors?Monoamine Oxidase Enzyme Inhibitor, depression eg, phenelzine
  19. 19What is a clinical example of non competitive enzyme inhibitors?Cyclo oxygenase enzyme inhibitor, anti-inflammatory eg, aspirin
  20. 20What is the physiological function of Receptors?Proteins which recognise drugs and endogenous compounds and which have a role in regulating cell functions
  21. 21How many receptors are there in the body?Thousands
  22. 22What is the main drug target?Receptors
  23. 23What are the 4 receptor types?Ligand gated ion channels
    G-protein (guanosine binding protein) coupled
    Enzyme (tyrosine Kinase) Linked
    Nuclear
  24. 24Where are Ligand gated ion channels located?In the cell membrane
  25. 25What is the structure of ligand gated ion channels?4 or 5 sub units which, together, form an ion channel
  26. 26What is the mechanism ofAgonist binds to open or close ion channel
  27. 27What is the speed of response from drugs targetFast - milliseconds
  28. 28Where are G protein coupled receptors locatedFound throughout the body in cell membranes
  29. 29What is one of the physiological functions of G protein coupledControlling blood pressure
  30. 30What is the structure of G protein coupled receptors?7 trans membrane segments; extra cellular and intracellular sections
  31. 31What is the mechanism of G protein coupled receptors?Activation of intracellular messengers via the G-protein
  32. 32Why is the G-protein coupled receptor an important drug site?More than 50 percent of drugs target that site
  33. 33What are some examples of G-protein receptors?Adrenoreceptors
    Histamine receptors
    Serotonin receptors
    Dopamine receptors
    Opioid receptors
  34. 34Where are Enzyme linked, Tyrosine Kinase receptors located?cell membranes
  35. 35What is the response time of drugs using G protein coupled receptorsFast - seconds
  36. 36What is the structure of Enzyme linked, tyrosine kinase receptors?Large extracellular ligand binding domain linked to a tyrosine kinase extra cellular domain
  37. 37What is Tyrosine Kinase?Tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions.
  38. 38What is the mechanism of drugs which target enzyme linked, tyrosine kinase receptors?The occupation of the receptor = phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm which results in altered enzyme actvity
  39. 39What is the speed of response of drugs which target Enzyme linked tyrosine kinase receptors?slower - minutes to hours
  40. 40Where are nuclear receptors located?intracellular, cell nucleus
  41. 41What is the structure of nuclear receptor?A large monomeric (molecule which can combine with others to make polymers) protein
  42. 42What is the mechanism of nuclear receptors?binds to hormone responsive elements of DNA to regulate transcription
  43. 43What is the speed of response for drugs which target nuclear proteins?Slow - hours
  44. 44What are agonists?Drugs which mimic effects of endogenous ligand (produce more of a physiological function associated with the endogenous ligand)
  45. 45What are antagonists?Competitive (reversible) or non competitive (non reversible) interferer or inhibitors of physiological function associated with endogenous ligand
  46. 46What is selectivity?How selective (picky) a drug is about the receptor it attaches to
  47. 47What does affinity mean?How strong a drug binds to the receptor
  48. 48What does efficacy mean?The maximum effect a drug can have
  49. 49What is the therapeutic index?LD50 - lethal to 50 % of population
    ED50 - effective in 50 % of the population
    Crude measure of safety which doesn't predict many adverse effects of drugs
  50. 50What are some genetic sources of PD variability?mutation identified at drug receptors
    disease susceptibility
    response to drugs
  51. 51How does the process of G-protein coupled receptors drugs work?Drug is administered extracellularly
    Reacts with G-protein in the membrane
    which acts on the 2nd messenger system intracellularly to produce cellular effects
  52. 52What is a drug concentration - response curve (cr curve)?Determines drug's potency
    it is maximal efficacy
  53. 53What is the process that agonist drugs use to produce maximal efficacy?Binds to and activates the receptor to produce a response (mimicking endogenous ligand)
    Response increases in proportion to the dose administered until receptors are saturated
  54. 54In regards to agonists what happens when receptors become saturated?Any increase in dose will produce no additional response
  55. 55What is the endogenous ligand?A chemical messenger
  56. 56What is a drug's potency?How strong a drug is
  57. 57What is a partial agonist?A drug with sub-optimal response when all receptors are occupied, resulting in decreased efficacy in comparison with full agonists
  58. 58Which direction does the CR curve move with competitive antagonists?Shifts to the right but remains parallel with agonist curve
    Has the same shape as agonist curve and same maximal efficacy
  59. 59How does the CR curve move with no- competitive antagonistsDoes not obey normal concentration - response relationship.
    Non-parallel shift with agonist curve
    max response decreased
  60. 60What is the scheduling of medicines and poisons?A way of classifying which drugs are accessible to the general public based on factors like margin of safety and potential to cause dependency
  61. 61List the prescription only drugs and their associated schedulingS4: Prescription drugs like antibiotics, vaccines, antidepressants
    S8: Controlled drugs like morphine and and opioids
  62. 62List the non-prescription drugs an and their associated schedulingS2: Pharmacy medicine like cold medicine and cough medicine
    S3: Pharmacist only medicine on professional advice like metered dose asthma aerosols
  63. 63What are unscheduled drugs?Drugs which can be sold in super markets such as paracetamol
  64. 64Why are schedule 8 drugs controlled?They are drugs of dependence and whilst they need to be available for use manufacture, supply, possession and use need to be restricted
  65. 65What is drug abuse?Continued administration of a drug in excessive quantities despite clear harmful effects
  66. 66What is tolerance?A decrease in response to a drug occurring with continued use and which requires a higher dose to achieve same results
  67. 67What is dependence?Pre-occupation with obtaining and using the drug of choice for its psychoactive effects and continued administration to prevent withdrawal syndrome
  68. 68What are 3 generic names for opioids?Morphine, Methadone and Buprenorphine
  69. 69What are 3 names for Benzodiazepines?Diazepam, Alprazolam and Temazepam
  70. 70What are 2 generic names or stimulants/Dexamphetamine and Methylphenidate
  71. 71What are 3 kinds of controlled drugs?Opioids, Benzodiazepines and stimulants
  72. 72What are 3 things you can do to be safe when administering controlled drugs?Always check the dose, refer to institution protocols when administering controlled drugs an monitor patient before and after administration
  73. 73What are some examples of types of drug discovery?chemical modification
    random screening of biological products
    Traditional remedies
    Rational drug design
  74. 74What is some typical criteria for a successful new drug?Effective against target protein, no serious adverse drug reactions, oral formulation if possible, good solubility and permeability which means it is readily absorbed and stable and long lasting in the body
  75. 75What is target selection in drug development?Finding a target protein which is the best site in the disease pathway. typically a receptor or enzyme
  76. 76What is optimisation in drug development?Figuring out if your drug can be improved for potency, selectivity and reduced toxicity
  77. 77What is high throughput screening?A process within optimisation in drug development where lots of cells are used in conjunction with a chemical library to see if chemicals in library will give you a better drug
  78. 78What is a chemical library?When a chemist makes lots of compounds like the drug being developed but slightly different to be tested during high throughput screening
  79. 79What are pharmacodynamics?What the drug does to the body
  80. 80What are pharmacokinetics?What the body does to the drug
  81. 81What is toxicology?Does the drug cause organ failure, cancer or sterility?
  82. 82What is the pharmaceutical aspect of drug development?Can the drug be made large scale, cheaply and is it stable (what is the shelf life)
  83. 83What stage of drug development do target selection, optimisation and animal testing occur?Pre-clinical
  84. 84What is acute toxicity in animal testing?Single dose lethal in 50% of animals
    This dose compared with therapeutic dose
  85. 85What is sub chronic toxicity in animal testing?Multiple doses in a longer term (28 days) used with multiple species to find the target organs of toxicity
  86. 86What is chronic toxicity in animal testing?One to two years used especially for drugs which require us to take them for extended periods
  87. 87What is reproductive toxicity in animal testing?Does the drug affect mating behaviour, fertility, birthing, birth defects, litter numbers etc
  88. 88What is the process for cancer testing within the animal testing phase?two years on two species looking at organ tumour expression
  89. 89What is meant by the term genotoxic in drug safety testing?Does it damage DNA?
  90. 90What are some drawbacks of pre clinical testing?Time consuming (2-5 yrs) and expensive with lots of animals used.
    The effects on animals don't necessarily translate to humans and rare effects might not be detected
  91. 91What is the motto for administering drugs?Start slow and small and build up
  92. 92What are the main international controls on drugs signed and ratified by Australia?UN single convention on Narcotic Drugs
  93. 93What does the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs control?Production, manufacture, trade and use of narcotics (outlawed except for medical use) as well as limiting possession to authorized personnel and taking control of all opium transactions and import/export
  94. 94What does the Government assess therapeutic drugs for when considering drug controls?Safety, Effectiveness, Manufacture quality: purity, stability, strength as well as availability and marketing and manufacturer's license
  95. 95Do the State and Territories or the Commonwealth control therapeutic goods?Commonwealth
  96. 96Does the State and territories or Commonwealth control medicines and poisons?The State and Territories
  97. 97What is the Therapeutic Goods Act?Regulates therapeutic goods including medicines, blood products, medical devices and public access level and evaluates drug quality, safety and efficacy vs how cost effective it is before marketing
  98. 98True or false: each state/territory has it's own laws/ regulations on drug control?True
  99. 99What do the state and territory laws on drug control deal with?Imposing restrictions on who can purchase, possess, store and supply medicines, poisons and controlled drugs
  100. 100What does ARTG stand for?Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
  101. 101What are the two types of Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods?AUST L (listed)
    AUST R (registered)
  102. 102What is the difference between AUST L and AUST R?AUST L - vitamins, herbals, fish oils etc lower risk of harm from self medication, purpose on label
    AUST R - prescription and over the counter (all meds)
  103. 103Who is responsible for scheduling of medicines?State - based
  104. 104List 5 prescription requirements?Patient name, address, drug name (generic), drug form (tablets, capsules), drug quantity
  105. 105What is PBS?Pharmaceutical benefits scheme - subsidises a select list of medicines for medical and dental treatment designed to meet community need of essential medicines
  106. 106What is pharmacokinetics?What the body does to the drug
  107. 107What are the mechanisms of pharmacokinetics?Absorption (getting into the body)
    Distribution (traveling around the body)
    Elimination (body getting rid of it, metabolism, excretion)
  108. 108How can therapy fail in pharmacokinetics?Concentration too high or too low
  109. 109What is the therapeutic index?The ratio of the toxic dose (TD) to the effective dose (ED)
  110. 110Why is pharmacokinetics important?It determines:
    Dose needed by patient to be in therapeutic range, adverse effects, if a patient does not get better or worse on a medicine (genetic factors, other medicine)
  111. 111What is meant by patient response variable?Same dose does not suit all patients
  112. 112What are some patient response variables which could affect the effectiveness of the drug?Disease, age extremes, other medicines, diet, environment, pregnancy, genes
  113. 113How do you fix problems arising from altered pharmacokinetics?Alter dosage regimen by changing route of administration, dose, frequency or duration

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User has deleted their subject information Flashcards on Pharmacology 1, created by Deleted user on 04/12/2016.
Created by
Deleted user · Dec 2016
Updated
Dec 5, 2016
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  • Created by Shannon Austen · Jul 26, 2016
  • Copied by Nor Alhaj · Dec 4, 2016
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