C3 3.0

1. 1Find WRONG expression concerning phase 2 (plateau phase) of action potential of contractile cardiomyocytes
   a. Sodium channel opens in this phase
   b. Cardiomyocytes are in the absolute refractory period
   c. Nicotinic receptor of contractile cardiomyocytes is opened in this phase
   d. Influx of calcium and outflow of potassium is observed during this phase
   e. Plateau phase is the most characteristic feature of the pacemaker potential
   (prepotential)

   1. A1,2,3
   2. B1,3,5
   3. C2,4
   4. D2,4,5
2. 2Identify right statements concerning systolic sound(S1 sound)
   a. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves closure of AV valves
   b. It is best heard over the area of the (apex beat) apical impulse
   c. It is longer and lower than the sound generated by semilunar valves
   d. It frequency is 13500-14500 Hz
   

   1. A2,3,4
   2. B1,2
   3. C1,4
   4. D2,3
3. 3Identify proper definitions concerning cardiac action
   a. Dromotropism is the action that affects conductance via the intrinsic conduction system of heart (mainly AVN)
   b. Caffeine-down regulates chronotropism caffeine-increase contractility R. vagus downregulates chronotrop.
   c. Batmotropism is the action that affects contractility of the heart excitability
   d. Cardiac output= SV x HR
   

   1. A1,2,4
   2. B2,3
   3. C1,4
   4. D3,4
4. 4Which of the following sentences correctly describes the stage of isovolumetric contraction of ventricles:
   a. Ventricular pressure rises to the level of diastolic arterial pressure during
   b. Ventricular pressure decreases (no, pressure in ventricles increases)
   c. Atrioventricular valves are closed while semilunar valves are opened
   d. The stage begins with closure of atrioventricular valves, finishes with opening of semilunar valves
   e. The stage begins with closure of semilunar valves, finishes with opening of atrioventricular valves

   1. A1,4
   2. B2,5
   3. C3,5
   4. D2,4
5. 5Identify right statements concerning regulation of the cardiac performance:
   a. According to heterometric regulation ventricular ejection is inversely proportionate to afterload
   b. Strength of ventricular contraction is proportionate to end diastolic volume
   (EDV)
   c. Antagonists of the calcium pump produce positive inotropic effect to heart
   d. strength of ventricular contraction is proportionate to the heart rate

   1. A2,4
   2. B3,4
   3. C1,3
   4. D1,2
6. 6Tonus of precapillary sphincters decrease ( sphincter relax)
   a. defecit of O2
   b. acidosis
   c. excess of glucose
   d. deficit of Co2

   1. A1,4
   2. B1,2
   3. C2,4
   4. D2,3
7. 7Identify phenomena produced by activation of the vagus nerve heart:
   a. Negative dromotropism effect is observed
   b. vagus nerve increases conduction velocity of impulses via the atrioventricular node
   c. positive chronotropism effect is observed in heart
   d. prepotential of the pacemaker cell of the SA node develops slowly and more dynamically

   1. A3,4
   2. B1,2
   3. C1,4
   4. D2,3,4
8. 8Characteristic features of the sinus rhythm are:
   a. Duration of PQ interval ranges 0.1-0.2 sec
   b. Duration of PQ interval ranges 0.06-0.1 sec
   c. P wave is positive in aVR
   d. P wave is positive in I, II bipolar leads, aVF
   e. Each QRS complex is preceded by P wave
   f. P wave is flat in aVR
   g. P wave is negative in aVR

   1. A2,4,5,7
   2. B1,4,5,7
   3. C1,3,5,7
   4. D2,5,7
9. 9Which of the following statements express situations related to
   decompression of baroreceptors?
   a. Decompression of baroreceptors can occur in effect of uprising
   b. Decompression of baroreceptors increases the tone of the sympathetic
   system
   c. Decompression of baroreceptors is produced by rise of the mean arterial pressure (MAP)
   d. Decompression of baroreceptors produces bradycardia (decreases heart rate)

   1. A1,2
   2. B3,4
   3. C2,3
   4. D1,3
10. 10Identify right statements that can concern jugular venous pulse:
    a. Waves of jugular venous pulse spread retrogradely in relation to the venous
    blood flow
    b. Narrowing (stenosis) of the tricuspid valve will rise an amplitude of the “a”
    wave of jugular venous pulse
    c. jugular venous pulse reflects changes of pressure in left atrium of heart
    d. Venous pulses can be easily observed over large central veins such as superior and inferior vena cava

    1. A2,3
    2. B1,4
    3. C3,4
    4. D1,2

11. 11Which of the following phenomena concerning atrial contraction are true:
    a. Semilunar valves close right after atrial contraction
    b. P wave of the ECG recording is generated right before atrial contraction
    c. End diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of ventricles right after atrial
    contraction
    d. The second cardiac sound is generated right before atrial contraction

    1. A1,2,4
    2. B2,3
    3. C3,4
    4. D1,2
12. 12Identify right statements concerning the ventricular (QRS) complex of waves of the normal electrocardiogram
    a. Q waves reflects depolarization of the interventricular septum
    b. Duration of the QRS complex ranges 0.12-0.2 sec
    c. Duration of the QRS complex ranges 0.06-0.1 sec
    d. Q wave should NOT be recorded (should be absent) in chest leads V1 and V2 of the normal ECG

    1. A1,3
    2. B2,4
    3. C2,3
    4. D1,4
13. 13Identify right statement concerning T wave of ECG:
    a. It is produced by ventricular repolarization
    b. Duration of the T-wave is 0.1 sec
    c. Ventricular depolarization finishes after T wave
    d. Ventricular relaxation develops after T wave

    1. A2,3
    2. B1,2,4
    3. C1,4
    4. D1,3
14. 14Identify right statements concerning phenomena that begin depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell:
    a. Action potential of the motor end plate is generates because of activation of the voltage gated channel
    b. Binding of Ach to the nicotinic receptor produces end plate potential
    c. End plate potential of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell is produced by the ligand gated channel
    d. Activation of the muscarinic M1 receptor produces IPSP of the motor end plate

    1. A1,4
    2. B1,3
    3. C2,4
    4. D2,3
15. 15During the ventricular ejection, the GREATEST in magnitude pressure-difference is between which of the following: Choose correct combination
    a. Pulmonary artery
    b. Left atrium
    c. Right atrium
    d. Left ventricle narrowest
    e. Right ventricle
    f. Aorta narrowest

    1. A2,4
    2. B4,6
    3. C2,3
    4. D1,5
16. 16Cardiac contractility depends on various factors. Find correct statements concerning EXTRINSIC factors
    a. Contractility is increased by catecholamines
    b. Contractility is increased by blockers of the voltage-gated calcium channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    c. Contractility is decreased by antagonists (blockers) of the voltage gated
    calcium channel of the sarcolemma
    d. Contractility is increased by stimulation of the vagus nerve (decreased)

    1. A1,2
    2. B3,4
    3. C2,4
    4. D1,3
17. 17Which of the following sentences describe the second heart sound (S2)?
    a. Duration is longer than of S1
    b. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves
    c. It is produced by closure of atrioventricular valves
    d. Its frequency of the sound is higher than of S1
    e. It is produced by opening of semilunar valves

    1. A3,4
    2. B1,3,5
    3. C2,4
    4. D2,4,5
18. 18Which statements concerning cardiac sounds are true?
    a. Closure of the mitral valve is best heard in the area of the apex beat (apical impulses)
    b. Opening of the mitral valve is best heard in the second right intercostal space, in midclavicular line
    c. Closure of the aortic valve is best heard in the second right intercostal
    d. Closure of pulmonic valve is best heard over xiphoid process (lowest part of sternum)

    1. A2,3
    2. B1,3
    3. C1,4
    4. D2,4
19. 19Peripheral tissue edema can develop in effect of (question concerts capillary forces):
    a. Decreased permeability of capillary endothelium
    b. Decreased arterial pressure
    c. Decreased concentration of plasma proteins
    d. Increased flow of lymph
    e. Increased venous pressure

    1. A1,2
    2. B2,3
    3. C1,2,4
    4. D3,5
20. 20Identify RIGHT sentences concerning function of ATP in exercise metabolism of skeletal muscle
    a. Attachment of ATP molecule to the myosin head produces disconnection of cross bridges
    b. Phosphorylation of light chains of myosin is necessary condition eliciting generation of cross-bridges
    c. ATP is used to pump calcium ion back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
    d. Hydrolysis of ATP, performed by the myosin ATP-ase, produces immediate flexion of the hinge region of the myosin filament
    e. Sodium ion is pumped out of the cell by NA+/K+ ATPase, giving chemical drive to Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

    1. A1,3,5
    2. B3,4,5
    3. C2,4
    4. D1,5
21. 21Identify right statement concerning recording of the aVR lead
    a. Duration of the PQ interval ranges 0.06 - 0.1 sec in aVR
    b. P wave must be negative in aVR
    c. aVR is unipolar limb lead attached to the right arm
    d. amplitude of the R wave reaches +25mV

    1. A1,3
    2. B1,4
    3. C2,3,4
    4. D2,3
22. 22Which formulas define end diastolic volume (EDV)?
    a. EDV = CO + SV + ESV
    b. EDV = SV + ESV
    c. EDV = SV + Venous return
    d. EDV = CO + SV
    e. EDV = ESV + Venous return

    1. A1,3
    2. B2,5
    3. C1,2,4
    4. D1,3,5
23. 23Identify right statements concerning P waves of ECG:
    a. It is produced by the atrial depolarization
    b. It is generated along with a sound of closure of semilunar valves
    c. Duration of the P wave should range 0.04-0.11 sec
    d. It is a positive deflection of I, II and aVF leads
    e. It is usually generated by the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

    1. A1,2,3
    2. B3,4,5
    3. C1,3,4
    4. D1,2,5
24. 24Abnormal reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical exercise can be diagnosed by Martinette test. Indicate the correct statement describing possible reactions in Martinette test:
    a. Astenic reaction is the evidence of disturbances in neural regulation of the vascular tone
    b. Hypertonic reaction is moderate increase of the systolic pressure and dramatic decrease of diastolic pressure
    c. In normotonic reaction systolic pressure does not change or slightly decreases
    d. Dystonic reaction is characterized by dramatic increase of the heart rate and slight increase of both pressures
    e. Increased tone of resistance vessels and sympathetic system provides symptoms typical of hypertonic reaction

    1. A1,5
    2. B3,4
    3. C2,3
    4. D2,4
25. 25Which of the following statements are fundamental assumptions of the theory of ECG created by Willem Einthoven:
    a) Wave of depolarization of the interventricular septum begins usually under endocardium of the left ventricle
    b) ECG is gold standard for diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia + myocardial infarction
    c) Heart is located in a conductive volume, which is a medium distributing changes of electrical field
    limb leads are located at vertices (vertex) of equilateral triangle.
    Direction + amplitude of waves are related to projections of cardiac
    vector on planes of limb leads
    e) electrical activity of heart can be expressed in form of electrical dipole
    f) P wave represents atrial depolarization spreading from right to left and downward toward atrioventricular junction

    1. A2,3,5,6
    2. B2,5,6
    3. C1,2,3
    4. D3,5
26. 26Which of following statements concerning PQ (PR) segment are right?
    a) it includes P wave + PQ interval
    b) atrial depolarization occurs in time of the PQ segment
    c) fragment of isoelectric line (flat line) following negative P wave in aVR
    d) it is an isoelectric line separating P wave from ventricular complex
    e) duration of PQ segment ranges 0,04 – 0,10
    f) PQ segment ranges 0.1-0.2 sec. It is inversely proportional to heart rate
    g) duration ranges 0,16 - 0,20s and its proportionate to heart rate

    1. A1,4,7
    2. B3,4,5
    3. C2,5
    4. D1,2,4
27. 27 Identify right statements concerning acoustic + mechanical phenomena of occuring in heart:

    1. A1st heart sound is split during inspiration due to various gradients of pressure across semilunar valves
    2. B2nd heart sound is normally split during inspiration due to increased tone of vagus nerve
    3. CApical impulse (apex beat) is palpable in 5th left intercostal space, in midclavicular line.
    4. DDiastasis phase of the ventricular diastole is followed by atrial systole
28. 28 Identify right statements concerning acoustic + mechanical phenomena of occuring in heart:

    1. A1st heart sound is split during inspiration due to various gradients of pressure across semilunar valves
    2. B2nd heart sound is normally split during inspiration due to increased tone of vagus nerve
    3. CApical impulse (apex beat) is palpable in 5th left intercostal space, in midclavicular line.
    4. DDiastasis phase of the ventricular diastole is followed by atrial systole
29. 29Find right concerning cardiac cycle:

    1. AIsovolumetric relaxation begins after generation of cardiac sounds S2
    2. BVolume of ventricle decreases right after opening of AV valve (Increase)
    3. CSemilunar valves open at the end isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
    4. DPressure recorded at end of isovolumetric ventricular contraction equal diastolic pressure in aorta
30. 30What will occur to cardiovascular system in effect of sympathetic stimulation developed if effect of up-rising:
    a) Venous return will increase
    b) Compliance of central veins will increase
    c) Diastolic arterial pressure will increase
    d) Filtration of plasma in capillaries will increase

    1. A1,4
    2. B1,2
    3. C2,3
    4. D1,3
31. 31Peripheral chemoreceptors of aortic and carotid bodies:
    a) equipped in oxygen-sensitive sodium-channels
    b) they inhibit RVLM and nuclei of the vagus nerve
    c) they sense partial pressure of oxygen in plasma of blood
    d) they depolarize in effect of hypoxia

    1. A1,2
    2. B1,4
    3. C2,3
    4. D3,4
32. 32Which of following substances will relax precapillary sphincters?
    a) Nitric oxide
    b) Raised concentration of lactate
    c) Adenosine
    d) Acetylcholine

    1. A1,2,3
    2. B1,4
    3. C1,3,4
    4. D1,2,3,4
33. 33It is necessary to control tension of the left ventricle during systole to protect if from rupturing, they respond only to:
    a) Chemoreceptor reflex producing vasoconstriction
    b) Compression of baroreceptors that increase heart rate
    c) In Bezold-Jarisch reflex decreasing afterload
    d) Bainbridge reflex increasing cardiac output

    1. A1,3
    2. B1,4
    3. C3
    4. D4
34. 34Identify right statements concerning cardiovascular reflexes changing activity of heart:
    a) In Bezold-Jarisch reflex rise of transmural pressure in arch of aorta stimulates baroreceptors. In effect of such stimulation cardiac inotropism is up-regulated
    b) In Goltz reflex parasympathetic stimulation is able to down-regulate cardiac chronotropism
    c) cardiac component of Bainbridge reflex increases contractility + HR, facilitating shifting of blood from atria into ventricles, then arteries
    d) Aortic + carotid baroreceptors don’t respond to rise of mean arterial pressure -

    1. A1,4
    2. B2,3
    3. C3,4
    4. D1,2
35. 35Bainbridge reflex occurs in response to:
    a) Bainbridge reflex occurs in response to:
    b) Increased activity of mechanoreceptor of the right atrium
    c) Increased venous return
    d) Excessive stretch of the right ventricle

    1. A1,2,3
    2. B2,3,4
    3. C3,4
    4. D1,2
36. 36Proper values of pressure forming Starling forces in standard capillary are:
    a) Colloid-osmotic pressure in lumen of capillary of 25 mmHg.
    b) EFP in arteriole in end of capillary of 7mmHg
    c) hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end of standard capillary of 50mmHg
    d) colloid-osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid surrounding capillary of 33mmHg

    1. A1,2
    2. B1,3
    3. C3,4
    4. D2,4
37. 37Identify statements concerning Jugular Venous Pressure:
    a) It rises in effect of activation of RVLM
    b) JVP is highest during ejection of blood from right ventricle
    c) Wave *C* of JVP results from elevation of pressure by closure of tricuspid valve
    d) It depends on respiratory phases and intrathoracic pressure

    1. A3,4
    2. B1,3,4
    3. C2,4
    4. D1,2,4
38. 38 Identify right phenomena developed in cardiac vascular system in response to decompression of baroreceptors.
    a) Neurogenic tension increases within small and large systemic veins.
    b) MAP decreases
    c) Contractility of cardiac ventricles is up-regulated.
    d) Venous return decreases

    1. A1,4
    2. B2,4
    3. C1,3
    4. D2,3
39. 39In patient after cardiac transplantation SV may increase during exercise because of which of following mechanisms:
    a) An increase in venous compliance
    b) An increase in arterial blood pressure.
    c) An increase in total peripheral resistance
    d) A decrease in venous compliance rising venous return
    e) excitation of sympathetic fibers to ventricular musculature
    f) positive inotropic effect of circulation catecholamines

    1. A4,6
    2. B2,5
    3. C1,3,6
    4. D4,5
40. 40Which statements concerning influence of vagus nerve on heart are right?
    a) Right vagus nerve innervates SA node
    b) Left vagus nerve innervates left ventricle
    c) Left vagus nerve innervates SA node
    d) Ventricles of heart are not innervated by parasympathetic branches

    1. A2,4
    2. B1,2
    3. C1,4
    4. D2,3
41. 41Which statements concerning auscultation are right?!
    a) Closure of mitral valve is best heard in 5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
    b) Opening of mitral valve is best heard in 2nd right intercostal space, inmidclavicular line
    c) Closure of aortic valve is best heard in 2nd right intercostal space at sternal border
    d) Closure of pulmonic valve is best heard at 4th right intercostal space at sternal border

    1. A2,4
    2. B1,4
    3. C1,3
    4. D3,4
42. 42Which statements are related to preload phenomenon?
    a) It controls cardiac output in response to changes of the venous return
    b) SV is the clinical representation of preload - EDV is the clinical representation
    c) Frank Starling mechanism maintains an exact matching between stroke volume + venous return
    d) related to sarcomere length + end of systole
    e) Stretching of sarcomere maximises number of actin-myosin bridges responsible for development of force

    1. A1,2,3
    2. B1,3,5
    3. C2,4,5
    4. D1,2,4
43. 43Choose correct statement regarding cardiac contractility:
    a) Contractility is increased by thyroid gland hormones + glucocorticoids
    b) Contractility is increased by hypocalcemia of extracellular fluid
    c) Contractility is decreased by caffeine + theophylline that inhibits
    phosphodiesterases
    d) Contractility is decreased by blockers of B1-adrenergic receptors as
    well as blockers of Ca2+ channel
    e) Contractility is decreased by catecholamines + glucagon

    1. A1,2,3
    2. B1,4
    3. C1,2,5
    4. D3,4,5
44. 44Which statements are right?
    a) Secondary waves of arterial pressure reflect changes of pressure in
    chest due to ventilation phase
    b) Normal MAP in aorta is 120 mmHg - 100 mmHg
    c) MAP= BP systolic +1/3 (Bp Systolic – BP diastolic)
    d) Proper value of the arterial pressure in aorta is 160/95 mmHg
    e) Primary waves of arterial pressure reflect phases of cardiac cycle

    1. A2,3,4
    2. B3,4,5
    3. C2,5
    4. D1,5

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University physiology Quiz on C3 3.0, created by Hali . on 07/04/2022.

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Hali .

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