Quiz
CHAPTER 15
Questions in this quiz (70)
1According to the text, which of the following is NOT a personality process?
- Aperception
- Bmotivation
- Cemotion
- Dtrait development
2Which theorist developed the concept of personal constructs?
- AGordon Allport
- BB. F. Skinner
- CGeorge Kelly
- DWalter Mischel
3All of the following traditions strongly contributed to the understanding of personality processes
EXCEPT ________.- Athe phenomenological approach
- Bsocial learning theory
- Cpsychoanalysis
- Dempirically based test construction methods
4What term refers to the idea that the concepts recently activated in the mind influence one’s
perceptions of the world?- Aconditioning
- Bpriming
- Cperceptual defense
- Drepression-sensitization
5Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one’s
personality are said to be ________.- Achronically accessible
- Bhypoactivated
- Cpraxes
- Dindividuated
6An Asian American who has just been primed with the image of a dragon is more likely to interpret
ambiguous symbols according to ________.- Atypical American interpretations
- Btypical Asian interpretations
- Cneither typical American nor typical Asian interpretations
- Dhis or her more dominant cultural tradition
7According to most current theories, patterns of priming typically originate in ________.
- Atemperament
- Bancestral history (i.e., evolution)
- Clife experiences
- Dgenetic material
8Sally is very concerned with abandonment and her partner’s lack of commitment to their relationship.
She is high on which personality dimension?- Arejection priming
- Brejection accessibility
- Crejection sensitivity
- Drejection detection
9Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy
in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would
perceive Suzanne’s bump as an ________ and likely respond with- Aaccident; aggression
- Baccident; an apology
- Cintentionally hostile act; an apology
- Dintentionally hostile act; aggression
10Someone who frequently attributes hostility to other people might be able to change this aspect of his
or her personality. According to the material on priming, what should such a person try to do?- ASeek out the help of a psychoanalyst.
- BTell themselves to slow down and think more deliberately.
- CTry to shift attention away from threatening stimuli.
- DAttempt to extinguish the response by providing no contingencies.
11Perceptual ________ refers to the process whereby the perceptual system filters out information that
might make the individual uncomfortable or distressed- Adefense
- Bscreening
- Cdistortion
- Dbias
12What measurement instrument assesses the extent to which people are relatively defensive in their
perception of potentially threatening information?- Athe rejection sensitivity scale
- Bthe perceptual defense scale
- Cthe perceptual distortion scale
- Dthe repression-sensitization scale
13An individual who likes to watch emotional movies and has extreme reactions to the tragic deaths of
celebrities would likely score high on what personality dimension?- Aneed for intensity
- Bneed for closure
- Cneed for affect
- Dneed for neurotic responses
14The phrase “seven, plus or minus two” refers to the ________.
- Anumber of seconds information can be held in the perceptual buffer
- Bcapacity of short-term memory
- Cnumber of years information can be stored in long-term memory before it is replaced with
new information - Dorganizational structure of self-schemas
15According to the text, what is a key difference between conscious and unconscious thought?
- AConscious thought pervades our waking life whereas unconscious thought occurs only
during sleep. - BConscious thought tends to focus on negative details whereas unconscious thought is free
to entertain positive aspects of life. - CConscious thought processes emotion whereas unconscious thought processes perception.
- DConscious thought is limited to seven chunks whereas unconscious thought can hold an
unlimited amount of information.
- AConscious thought pervades our waking life whereas unconscious thought occurs only
16As a person becomes an expert in an area, he or she will begin to ________ to help organize the
information.- Ause larger chunks
- Bdevelop incremental theories
- Cuse smaller chunks
- Dsubsidize
17According to the text, inherent in the limited capacity of consciousness is the danger of ________.
- Afocusing too much on negative, stress-inducing details
- Bspending too much time daydreaming
- Cfocusing too much on what people do and too little on their motivation
- Dforgetting small chunks like phone numbers or an acquaintance’s name
18Non-psychoanalytic researchers sometimes use the term ________ to refer to the unconscious.
- Ashort-term memory
- Bconsciously inaccessible memory
- Ccognitive unconscious
- Dunconscious memory
19When an individual who has a good relationship with his or her mother is exposed to the subliminal
message “Mommy and I are one,” he or she will likely feel ________ without knowing why.- Aanxious
- Bsexual arousal
- Cguilt
- Dbetter
20What theorist is most closely identified with cognitive-experiential self-theory?
- ASigmund Freud
- BWalter Mischel
- CCarol Dweck
- DSeymour Epstein
21What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?
- Aconscious and rational
- Bconscious and unconscious
- Cshort-term and long-term memories
- Dimpulsive and reactive
22Which of the following is a characteristic of the rational system?
- AIt operates through logic.
- BIt operates through emotion, insight, and wisdom.
- CIt operates through unconscious processes.
- DIt resembles Freud’s primary processes thinking.
23In cognitive-experiential self-theory, the ________ system dominates when you are emotional and the
________ system dominates when you are calm.- Acognitive; experiential
- Bexperiential; cognitive
- Cexperiential; rational
- Dself; cognitive
24Jeff has decided to go on a diet, but unfortunately Jeff’s mother has made his favorite dessert, apple
pie. After a big dinner, his mother brings out the pie and Jeff cannot resist having two pieces. In
Epstein’s terminology, Jeff’s ________ won out over his ________.- Asubjective stimulus values; self-regulatory systems
- Baffective system; cognitive system
- Cexperiential system; rational system
- Dphenomenology; consciousness
25A ________ is a desired end state, and ________ are the means that the individual uses to achieve this
end state- Agoal; strategies
- Bstrategy; goals
- Cself-concept; self-schemas
- Dmotivation; needs
26According to research and theory about goals, it is most advantageous to have the ability to ________.
- Afocus primarily on general, long-term goals
- Bshift between short- and long-term goals
- Cfocus primarily on very specific goals
- Dset general goals that are separate from your daily activities
27Goals that are unique to the individuals pursuing them are called ________ goals.
- Astrategic
- Bjudgment
- Cnomothetic
- Didiographic
28What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is
either attained or abandoned?- Acurrent concerns
- Bpersonal projects
- Cjudgment goals
- Dpersonal strivings
29What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person’s life?
- Acurrent concerns
- Bpersonal projects
- Cdevelopment goals
- Dpersonal strivings
30Which of the following is NOT a type of idiographic goal?
- Acurrent concerns
- Bpersonal projects
- Cdevelopmental goals
- Dpersonal strivings
31Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of idiographic goals?
- AThey are conscious at least some of the time.
- BThey are common goals that essentially everyone pursues.
- CThey are assumed to be changeable over time.
- DThey are assumed to function independently of each other.
32Rosie has recently been rejected from several graduate school programs. In response, she works on the
weak aspects of her application and intends to gain experience and reapply the following year. Rosie is
high in ________.- Apower motivation
- Baffiliation motivation
- Cachievement motivation
- Ddevelopmental motivation
33According to distinctions between types of idiographic goals, a ________ is something you think
about, whereas a ________ is something you do.- Ajudgment goal; development goal
- Bcurrent concern; personal project
- Clong-term goal; short-term goal
- Dcurrent concern; personal striving
34Essential goals that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals.
- Adevelopment
- Bjudgment
- Cnomothetic
- Didiographic
35A need for ________ is NOT one of the primary goals proposed by David McClelland.
- Aachievement
- Bautonomy
- Caffiliation
- Dpower
36Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of goals that emerge repeatedly in studies of
nomothetic goals?- Aenjoyment
- Besteem
- Cavoidance of negative affect
- Dlearning
37Which of the following is the typical way that primary goals, as defined by McClelland, are assessed?
- Ahaving participants list all personally meaningful goals
- Bcompleting a standard goal questionnaire
- Cusing the Thematic Apperception Test
- Dusing the Implicit Association Test
38Given that Rory works hard on his golf game and pursues excellence, he should score high in which of
McClelland’s primary goals?- Aachievement
- Bdomination
- Cmastery
- Dperformance
39Mrs. Garcia often invites her family and friends to her house for lunches and parties. She is also
involved with the people in her church group and in the Parent-Teacher Association at her child’s
school. According to McClelland’s view of motivations, Mrs. Garcia is high in ________ motivation.- Aachievement
- Bpower
- Caffiliation
- Dconnectedness
40Mrs. Khoury enjoys running the office. She likes telling other employees what to do and strives to be
promoted to vice president of her company. According to McClelland’s view of motivations, Mrs.
Khoury is high in ________ motivation.- Anarcissism
- Baffiliation
- Cpower
- Ddominance
41Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them.
Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability.- Aentity
- Bincremental
- Cschematic
- Drigid
42Steven believes that intelligence and ability can change with experience. Steven has a(n) ________
theory of ability.- Aentity
- Bincremental
- Cschematic
- Dflexible
43A ________ goal is one in which an individual is interested in self-improvement, and a ________ goal
is one in which an individual seeks to validate a personal attribute.- Aintrinsic; extrinsic
- Bjudgment; development
- Cextrinsic; intrinsic
- Ddevelopment; judgment
44A person with a developmental goal will most likely respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of
behavior.- Ahelpless
- Bmastery-oriented
- Canxiety-driven
- Dpessimistic
45A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.
- Ahelpless
- Bmastery-oriented
- Canxiety-driven
- Dpessimistic
46Which of the following theoretical models describes the relationship between views of the world and
particular goals?- AEpstein’s cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST)
- BDweck’s motivational theory
- CKelly’s personal construct theory
- DMcCrae and Costa’s characteristic adaptations theory
47According to research on goals across the life span, individuals who are near the end of their lives
typically shift goals from ________.- Aexploring the world to having emotionally meaningful experiences
- Bhaving emotionally meaningful experiences to accepting decay
- Cgetting along to going at it alone
- Dthe development type to the judgment type
48Your expectations about sequences of events that should occur in certain situations are called cognitive
________.- Aschemas
- Bexpectancies
- Cscripts
- Dprojects
49According to the theory surrounding the Big Five, what term describes the generalized scripts that are
produced by the Big Five traits?- Aif ... then patterns
- Bpersonal projects
- Cperformance goals
- Dcharacteristic adaptations
50Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the
rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential
business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have ________.- Athe same strategies, leading to different behaviors
- Bthe same strategies, leading to the same behavior
- Cdifferent strategies, leading to different behaviors
- Ddifferent strategies, leading to the same behavior
51What term describes a person who typically expects the worst so that they can be surprised or even
relieved when the worst does not happen?- Adefensive optimists
- Bdefensive pessimists
- Cstrategic pessimists
- Dreverse optimists
52Research by Julie Norem indicates that defensive pessimists and eternal optimists likely ________.
- Ause different strategies but obtain similar ends
- Bhave similar specific goals but different general goals
- Cuse the same strategies but obtain different ends
- Dhave different learning goals but similar performance goals
53Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in ________.
- Aindividualistic cultures
- Bcollectivistic cultures
- Chandling the diagnosis of a chronic disease
- Dhanding the diagnosis of a terminal disease
54I am preparing for a test in psychology, and I tell you, “I’m sure that I’m going to fail. I’m going to
study all night, and I’ll just be happy with anything higher than a C.” You are preparing for the same
test and you say, “Oh, come on. We’ve been going to lecture and keeping up with the reading—we just
need to review everything tonight and I’m sure we’ll do well on the test.” What would research
concerning pessimistic and optimistic strategies predict about our outcomes?- AI will get a higher grade on the test than you will.
- BYou will get a higher grade on the test than I will.
- CWe will get about the same grades on the test.
- DI will be happier with my grade than you will.
55Research has examined the degree to which individuals’ optimistic and pessimistic strategies persist
across various contexts. The results of this research suggest that ________.- Acorrelations of strategy use across contexts range from about .30 to .40
- Bcorrelations of strategy use across contexts are essentially zero
- Cthe correlation of strategy use across contexts is about .30 for optimism but about -.30 for
pessimism - Dthe correlation of strategy use across contexts is about -.30 for optimism but about .30 for
pessimism
56From the perspective of cognitive psychology, how exactly can emotions be considered a kind of
procedural knowledge?- AEmotions are only fully understood after being explicitly told what they are.
- BEmotions are typically learned through repeated experience.
- CEmotions cannot be learned and can only be expressed through action.
- DEmotions develop through mechanisms of both nature and nurture.
57Which of the following is NOT one of the basic stages of emotion?
- Aappraisal
- Bmotives
- Cfacial expressions
- Dscripts
58When researchers say, “preferences need no inferences” with respect to emotion, what are they really
arguing?- AAppraisal does not need to come first in the emotion process.
- BAppraisal must come first in the emotion process.
- CPersonality traits are more important than situations for determining emotions.
- DAttitudes are more important than personality traits for determining emotions.
59What are the two basic dimensions of the emotional circumplex model proposed by Averill?
- Aaroused-unaroused and negative-positive
- Bagency-communion and negative-positive
- Cstrong-weak and aroused-unaroused
- Daroused-unaroused and agency-communion
60A strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions is the
fundamental feature of what trait?- Aneuroticism
- Bextraversion
- Copenness
- Dachievement motivation
61According to the text, which of the following is an example of the negative consequences associated
with rapidly changing emotions?- AFrequent emotional swings cause stress to both the person experiencing them and
surrounding others. - BFrequent emotional swings limit the individual’s capacity to adapt to any one
environment. - CFrequent emotional swings create social distance and sometimes result in chronic
depression. - DFrequent emotional swings typically create many more negative emotional experiences
than positive emotional experiences.
- AFrequent emotional swings cause stress to both the person experiencing them and
62According to previous research, women are generally higher than men in affect intensity. This finding
may provide evidence for why ________.- Ait is more adaptive for women to express their anger than it is for men
- Bwomen are more emotionally intelligent compared to men
- Cwomen have a higher threshold for pain compared to men
- Dwomen are more prone to depression compared to men
63An individual who experiences powerful feelings of both joy and sadness would score high on what
personality dimension?- Aneuroticism
- Baffect variability
- Caffect intensity
- Daffect instability
64Grant is up against a deadline and fears he will not have enough time to do all he needs to do for it. In
response, he makes a list of everything he needs to do in order of priority and gradually completes
each task. Grant is practicing high ________.- Acognitive control
- Bemotional intelligence
- Csocial control
- Daffect stability
65What term describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence?
- Ahedonic
- Beudaimonic
- Cdysthymic
- Dalexithymic
66What dimension is NOT typically included in the definition of happiness used by contemporary
researchers?- Aeudaimonia
- Bgeneral life satisfaction
- Clow levels of negative emotion
- Ddomain-specific satisfactions
67According to a recent study of blogs, the expression of happiness seems to peak in the life span
between the ages of ________.- A14 and 18
- B50 and 60
- C18 and 25
- D70 and 80
68Which statement is true regarding the association between political ideology and happiness?
- AThose without political ideologies are the happiest.
- BThinking like a liberal reduces negative emotions.
- CThinking like a conservative increases positive emotions.
- DThinking like a conservative reduces negative emotions.
69According to current research, what factors contribute to one’s level of happiness?
- Aan individual’s personality, the situation they are in, and their behavior in that situation
- Bintentional activity, life circumstances, and genetic influences
- Can individual’s social relationship, occupation, and home environment
- Dan individual’s perception type, thinking style, and basic emotional response
70What piece of advice about increasing happiness would be reasonable in light of research evidence?
- AStop trying to increase your happiness because happiness is genetically determined.
- BWait until one reaches the age of 60, when happiness naturally increases.
- CSpend money to give yourself interesting experiences.
- DAvoid caffeine and other stimulants that can lead to mood fluctuations.
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- Psychology 150 Quiz on CHAPTER 15, created by J P on 04/12/2017.
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