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Microbiol1

Mara Sampsyn 13 questions

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Questions in this quiz (13)

  1. 1Prokaryotic cells contain a cell [blank_start]envelope[blank_end]. It can be one homogenous layer or a complex multilayered structure. It protects the cell against [blank_start]osmotic lysis[blank_end] (when a cell bursts due to movement of H2O into the cell) The osmotic pressure of most prokaryotic cells is extremely [blank_start]high[blank_end] and the strategy is to contain the pressure with a layer external to the inner membrane which resists [blank_start]expansion[blank_end] of cell volume.

    Gram -ve bacteria are not stained by the gram stain. Ethanol takes away the [blank_start]outer membrane[blank_end], exposing murein.
    Gram +ve bacteria are stained by the gram stain, ethanol removes water, causing murrain layers to collapse and [blank_start]trap[blank_end] stain.
    1. Aenvelope
    2. Bosmotic lysis
    3. Chigh
    4. Dexpansion
    5. Eouter membrane
    6. Ftrap
  2. 2WhatImage for question 2
    1. AGram negative
    2. BGram positive
  3. 3There are 3 common types of envelope in archaea. One is a layer of [blank_start]protein[blank_end]. Methanogens have a rigid wall made of [blank_start]pseudomurein[blank_end], some archaea have walls of complex [blank_start]polysaccharides[blank_end].

    The murrain layer is made of N-acetyl-[blank_start]glucosamine[blank_end] and N-acetyl-[blank_start]muramic[blank_end] acid. These join together with a [blank_start]B 1,4[blank_end] glycosidic bond, and joined to each NAM is L and D amino acids.

    Transpepidation, catalysed by [blank_start]FtsI[blank_end] involves the 3rd [blank_start]L-lysine[blank_end] of one NAM joining with the 4th [blank_start]D-alanine[blank_end] of another NAM. [blank_start]Alanine[blank_end] is released.

    Pseudomurein is similar but:
    N-acetyl-[blank_start]talosaminuronic[blank_end] acid, linkages are B 1,[blank_start]3[blank_end], and all side chain amino acids are L.
    1. Aprotein
    2. Bpseudomurein
    3. Cpolysaccharides
    4. Dmuramic
    5. Eglucosamine
    6. FB 1,4
    7. GFtsI
    8. HL-lysine
    9. ID-alanine
    10. JAlanine
    11. Ktalosaminuronic
    12. L3
  4. 4In Gram +ve, [blank_start]lipoteichoic[blank_end] acids are linked to the membrane phospholipids. Wall [blank_start]teichoic[blank_end] acids are covalently linked to murein.
    In Gram -ve, [blank_start]porin[blank_end] proteins allow solute diffusion across the outer membrane, the Braun lipoprotein connects murein to the outer membrane.
    1. Alipoteichoic
    2. Bteichoic
    3. Cporin
  5. 5The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is formed from [blank_start]polymeric[blank_end] proteins assembling into filament structures involved in many functions such as cell shape, motility, molecular trafficking in the cell, chromosome segregation.
    [blank_start]MreB[blank_end]- maintains [blank_start]wall[blank_end] shape
    [blank_start]ParM[blank_end]-separates plasmids before cell division (ACTIN like)
    [blank_start]FtsZ[blank_end]-[blank_start]tubulin[blank_end] like protein in bacteria.

    [blank_start]storage granules[blank_end]- polymeric nutrient reserves. Glucose polymers form glycogen.
    [blank_start]magnetosomes[blank_end]-magnetic minerals which act as cell compasses.
    [blank_start]capsule[blank_end]-external layer to envelope made of polysaccharides, acts to avoid phagocytosis and imm system recognition.
    [blank_start]Pili[blank_end]-Made of pilin, involved in cell adhesion
    [blank_start]Flagella[blank_end]-motility. Made of flagellin.
    1. Apolymeric
    2. BMreB
    3. Cwall
    4. DParM
    5. EFtsZ
    6. Ftubulin
    7. Gstorage granules
    8. Hmagnetosomes
    9. Icapsule
    10. JPili
    11. KFlagella
  6. 6Thermophilic archaea live in volcanoes, [blank_start]solfataras[blank_end], hot springs and deep sea vents.
    Their strategies for survival include:
    -Cell membrane made of a [blank_start]phospholipid monolayer[blank_end] resistant to being torn apart by heat.
    -Thermostable proteins with highly [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] cores to increase internal sticking. They also have more [blank_start]salt bridges[blank_end] on their surfaces to keep the protein folded.
    -Produce [blank_start]chaperonins[blank_end] to refold denatured proteins
    -DNA contains reverse DNA [blank_start]gyrase[blank_end] causing [blank_start]supercoils[blank_end] to increase mp of DNA. Also have DNA binding proteins.
    1. Asolfataras
    2. Bphospholipid monolayer
    3. Chydrophobic
    4. Dsalt bridges
    5. Echaperonins
    6. Fgyrase
    7. Gsupercoils
  7. 7Halophilic archaea live in [blank_start]salt[blank_end] lakes, the dead sea and hyperbolic habitats.
    -Water flows out of the cell and the cell risks becoming [blank_start]dehydrated[blank_end] and dying, so the cell must increase [blank_start]internal[blank_end] solute conc.
    -[blank_start]pumping[blank_end] inorganic [blank_start]ions[blank_end] into the cell from the environment
    -synthesising a [blank_start]compatible[blank_end] solute ([blank_start]sugar[blank_end] or alcohol) to adjust water levels.
    -pumping in [blank_start]K[blank_end]+
    -Highly [blank_start]acidic proteins[blank_end] and a low level of [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] amino acids.
    1. Adehydrated
    2. Bsalt
    3. Cinternal
    4. Dpumping
    5. Eions
    6. Fcompatible
    7. Gsugar
    8. HK
    9. Iacidic proteins
    10. Jhydrophobic
  8. 8[blank_start]Pschrophiles[blank_end] live in Antarctica, icy seas, alpine and polar regions.
    Cell membranes contain [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] lipids at low temps to maintain fluidity. Have a higher content of [blank_start]non charged[blank_end], [blank_start]polar[blank_end] am acids and a lower content of [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] amino acids. Potentially antifreeze proteins.

    Methanogenic bacteria- produce [blank_start]methane[blank_end]. Have niches with no O2. Some are cocci, some rods. Important to produce CH4.
    1. APschrophiles
    2. Bunsaturated
    3. Cnon charged
    4. Dpolar
    5. Ehydrophobic
    6. Fmethane
  9. 9Euryarchaea
    1. Ahalophiles
    2. Bmethanogens
    3. Cthermophiles
    4. DPsychrophiles
    5. EExtreme thermophiles
  10. 10Crenarchaea
    1. AExtreme thermophiles
    2. BPsychrophiles
    3. CHalophiles
    4. DMethanogens

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Description
undergrad Microbiology Quiz on Microbiol1, created by Mara Sampsyn on 15/12/2015.
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