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Brief review of association measures

• Often our goal is to quantify the association between a risk factor and a disease outcome.
• The risk factor is also called an exposure or, for clinical trials, a treatment or intervention.
• When both the treatment and disease outcome are binary, data are often displayed in a 2x2 table:
• \[\begin{array}{c|c|c|}
• \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{D} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\overline{D}} \\
• \cline{2-3}
• E & a & b \\
• \cline{2-3}
• \overline{E} & c & d \\
• \cline{2-3}
• \end{array}\]