Argument Structure

Start with the elements

Begin with the notes on argument elements. They list indicator words for conclusions and reasons, and introduce counterarguments and assertions. Look at how words such as “therefore” and “because” can help you identify the role a statement plays. Use them as clues while reading the surrounding argument.

Next, use the notes on intermediate conclusions. These describe conclusions that support a main conclusion and can look like reasons. They also introduce analogies, giving you another feature to look for as you read.

Move from terms to maps

“Week 1 Flashcards” covers terms including premise, conclusion, premise-conclusion form and suppressed premise. Work through the terms after reading the notes, then use a mind map to see how ideas relate to one another.

“Critical Thinking” distinguishes statements from questions, commands and exclamations and considers features of arguments. “Understanding Arguments” includes arguments, non-arguments, evidence, explanations and other kinds of expression. The “Argument” mind map focuses on context and identifying conclusions and reasons.

Compare the terms on a map with the notes. Can you identify a reason and the conclusion it supports? If an intermediate conclusion appears, trace how it contributes to the main conclusion.

Use the quiz alongside your study

After exploring the notes and maps, open “PACE Module” to try the listed quiz. You can return to the flashcards and maps as you study the terms and distinctions you encounter. The page also includes a flashcard deck covering premises, counterpremises, assumptions and conclusions.

Argument Structure is a section of Argumentation and Rhetoric in Philosophy. Use these resources to focus on the parts of an argument within that unit. Choose a map and follow its ideas through to the notes.