U1: Section A

Page 1

Argument elements

Conclusion

- Indicator words = therefore, so, consequently, thus, should, needs, must

Reason

- Indicator words = because, since, as, due to

Counter arguments and assertions

- Introduced as a target that the author will dismiss

- Indicator words = although, despite this, however, it has been said

Hypothetical reasoning

- 'If this… then that…'

Assumption

- Not stated by the author

- Missing reason

- Never quote or paraphrase

Evidence

- Evidence supports reasons

- Must be representative (large sample size)

Examples

- Examples illustrate reasons

- Must match the wider group in many categories

How far to reasons support conclusions?

- Answer must mention the conclusion

- Mention at least one reason

- Must focus on whether the reasons support the conclusion (fully/partly/to some extent/to great extent)