Research Methods and Ethics notes
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This Research Methods and Ethics page gathers notes on experiments, sampling, data and ethical issues in psychology. They offer school and university students material to revise research methods, and teachers ready-made reading. There are over 70 notes by more than 50 users, spanning school and university levels. Choose a note to start exploring.
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- Psychology as a Science53
- Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches14
- Hypotheses and Variables58
- Experimental Methods and Design281
- Sampling Methods51
- Correlational Research38
- Observational Methods57
- Self-Report Methods31
- Case Studies and Content Analysis17
- Brain Imaging Techniques13
- Reliability and Validity57
- Data and Statistical Analysis24
- Peer Review and Evaluating Studies9
- Research Ethics and Guidelines146
Notes
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Experimental Method Example - Energy Drink Experiment:There is a theory based on internet research that energy drinks affect how much people talk. In psychological experiments aims are developed from theories. Therefore;Aim: to investiga...
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Idiographic and Nomothetic Approach Idiographic An approach in which research focuses on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour, rather than aiming to formulate general laws of behaviour. Methods Used Case studies Unstructured intervi...
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Psychology Units 1-2
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Research methods Experimental method and variables Independent variable- what we change Dependent variable- what we measure Aim: the purpose for carrying out a study- 'to investigate whether' or 'to find out whether'...
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Untitled Epistemological issues: Empiricism vs. Rationalism. •What is empiricism?•What is rationalism?•What evidence (Psychology research) allows us to decide between them?•What decision would you make? What Is Rationalism? Pl...
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Untitled Psychology Unit 2 - March Test Revision Notes Aim – identifies the purpose or goal of an investigation (e.g. to investigate the effect of stereotypes on memory) Variable – something that can change Independent variabl...
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Psych Test 1 Chronoscope-Immediate perception vs. awareness of perception-Measurable difference"Obedience to Authority" ExperimentEthics/role of IRBs and informed consent-minimal risk for participants-confidentiality-IRB: group ev...
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Comparison between qualitative and quantitative data: Qualitative Data: gathered in words, sounds body language etc data is very rich data is open to interpretation can be used to generate a theory or test one Quantit...
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Unit 2: Study Questions Briefly identify and describe the three goals of the scientific enterprise. (pp. 44-45) Define hypothesis, variables, and theory. What is required of a scientific theory? How are scientific theories constructed? (pp. ...
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Variables/ psychological investigations working with variables! 1. Independent and dependent variables IV/ DV Independent variable: the factor that's being manipulated directly by the experimenter to observe the effects on the DV (only in laboratories) depe...
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Unit 2 Study Questions Briefly identify and describe the three goals of the scientific enterprise. (pp. 44-45) 1. Measurement and description - crafting a method to measure the phenomenon under study. 2. Understanding and prediction - creat...
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Untitled PS2010: Research & Methods There are 3 types of psychological research: Descriptive, Experimental & CorrelationalThere are 2 types of research methods used in psychology: qualitative and quantitative.Quantitative rese...
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Untitled Opportunity sample A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study. quota sampling A nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers divide th...
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PSY4111 notes MATCHED-PAIRS DESIGN Design in which the participants matched for some particularly similarity undergo different treatments• Find two participants who are as similar as possible [for when it is not appropriate to use ...
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Untitled debriefed participants are carefully informed about the study's hypotheses the Belmont Report defines the ethical guidelines researchers should follow in the United States respect for persons -one of the principles of...
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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY READINGS
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Unit 1: Research Methods - Practice Questions Memory can be influenced by many different things, including the appearance of what it is we are trying to remember. For example, green is a natural colour that features a lot in our environment, so may help improve h...
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Psychology - created from Mind Map Unit 1Psychology- the scientific study of the human mind and it's functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context Psychologist- study & behavioral (non medical) treatment Psyciatrist- medical treatme...
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Psychology research methods INTERNAL VALIDITY: The extent to which a study is measuring what it says it is. Are the changes we are measuring (DV) a result of our manipulation of the IV or some other variables?EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES: Variables that...
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Methodology Methodology: Lab experiments An incident is set up in a controlled and artificial environment such as a laboratory for a witness to experience. Control of variables can lead to cause and effect conclusion being drawn ...
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Ethical Issues Ethical issues arise when a conflict/dilemma exists between participants rights and researchers needs to gain valuable findings. This conflict may have implications for the safety and wellbeing of participants.Informe...
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Cultural bias A02 Cultural Bias AO2 Most studies western - Smith and Bond found that 66% of studies in a European textbook were American. This means that most cultures are underrepresented in psychological research. Cultural bias is fu...
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Untitled Chapter 2 Laws: Behavioral science assumes events are governed by laws and order. -ex. gravity and earth's orbit -3 goals of Science -measurement and description ~conceptualization vs. operationalization ...
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Ethical Issues - created from Mind Map EthicsEthics - collectively agreed upon “correct” behaviors within the context of a professional group Morality - the way an individual conducts oneself - often the reflection of values of a group Competen...
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Observational Design Structured and Unstructured Design:Unstructured observation is where the observer writes down everything they see. This produces accounts of behaviour that are rich in detail. This method is appropriate for small scal...
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Idiographic A03 Idiographic Approach AO3 Strength = its focus on the individual Humanistic psychologists in the later half of the last century felt that there was too much emphasis on measurement and had lost sight of emotion and cog...
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Statistical test
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EASY EVALUATION POINTS Student samples: Age bias, lack generalisation to wider population. Laboratory studies: Lack ecological validity due to artificial settings, demand characteristic’s possible as participants know they are being observe...
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Cognitive Psychology Practical Aim: to investigate the acoustic similarity of words and the effect on short term memory Background: Baddeley has argued that short term memory is largely acoustic, therefore acoustically similar sounding words were m...
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Research Methods - created from Mind Map Experimental Method Control of Variables Experimental Design
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How to Evaluate a Study How to Evaluate a Study:A good way to remember how to evaluate a study is GRAVE. This stands for Generalisability, Reliability, Application, Validity and Ethics. You need to make at least one point about each of these...
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Self Report Techniques Questionnaires:A questionnaire is a set of written questions used to assess a persons thoughts and/or experiences. Psychologists use questionnaires to assess thoughts and/or feelings. A questionnaire may be used as pa...
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Learning Theories Practical Aim: to investigate if there is a gender difference in behaviour on the school bus such as pro-social behaviours and politeness. Null Hypothesis: there will be no relationship between gender and pro-social behaviours ...
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Self-report Techniques A questionnaire is a set of questions that are designed to collect information about a topic or topics.2 greats strengths of questionnaires are:1. Correct the same information from a larg...
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Experimental Design Experimental design refers to the way in which participants are used in experimentsIndependent Groups:An independent groups design is when two separate groups of participants experience two different conditions of the...
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Observational Techniques Observations provide psychologists with a way of seeing what people do without having to ask them. They allow researchers to study observable behaviour within a natural or controlled setting. This method allows resear...
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Untitled Sampling Methods:Random: In a random sample every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. This means that the researcher must identify all the members of the target popula...
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cognitive research methods Types of Experiments Lab experiments -artifical -iv manipulated and dv measured, fully operationalised -standerdiesd procedure -variables controlled Evaluate -easy to replicate; reliability -easy to establish a...
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Controlling Variables Extraneous Variables:Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable. Most extraneous variables are easy to control such as age of participants or lighting...
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Notes on research methods Repeated measures design is when participants are used in all conditions of the experiment. Strengths of this is that no individual differences will be measured. Weaknesses of this is that order effects may be observe...
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These notes cover ways to plan and evaluate psychology research. Experimental Method uses an energy drink example to introduce aims and experiments. Self-report Techniques discusses questionnaires, while Qualitative and Quantitative Research compares forms of data. Other notes focus on sampling, experimental design and ethical issues.
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Start with Experimental Method if you want an example to anchor your reading. Then use Research methods to review independent and dependent variables. For a different approach, Idiographic and Nomothetic Approach introduces research focused on individual cases.
As you read, make a short summary of each method or term. Return to the notes when you need more detail, then switch to a mind map on the unit page to organise related ideas. A quiz can help you check what you remember after reading. Pick a note that matches the topic you are revising.
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Experimental Method is a useful starting point if you want to work from an example: it uses an energy drink experiment to introduce aims. Research methods is another option for reviewing independent and dependent variables. Both can help you organise the ideas you meet in other notes on the page.
What topics do these notes cover?
The notes range from experimental methods and design to sampling, self-report techniques and ethical issues. Qualitative and Quantitative Research compares types of data, while How to Evaluate a Study introduces points to consider when evaluating a study. You can select a note to match the part of the unit you are revising.
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