11654381
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future
scientist ________.
Respuesta
-
has memorized all of the known facts about a given topic
-
has read all of the known articles about a given a topic
-
can contribute something new to the field
-
can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
Respuesta
-
to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
-
to convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context
-
to train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems
-
all of the above
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would
receive scientific education.
Respuesta
-
pharmacologist; pharmacist
-
physician; biologist
-
botanist; computer programmer
-
research psychologist; clinical psychologist
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.
Respuesta
-
measures; devices
-
indicators; clues
-
theories; hypotheses
-
reliable measures; valid measures
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
Respuesta
-
personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed
-
personality tests are unethical
-
personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
-
personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.
Respuesta
-
gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones
-
gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading
-
rely solely on self-report data
-
collect as many clues as possible
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.
Respuesta
-
not bother collecting data
-
gather as much data as possible
-
only use L data, which are the most reliable
-
use only one source of data and control for its limitations
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they
might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.
Respuesta
-
fish-and-water
-
self-verification
-
self-expectancy
-
narcissism
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins
asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains
copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s
study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.
Respuesta
-
L; B
-
S; I
-
S; L
-
B; L
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different
personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is
an example of ________ data.
Respuesta
-
S
-
I
-
L
-
B
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.
Respuesta
-
B
-
L
-
S
-
I
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
I data are ________.
Respuesta
-
self-judgments
-
judgments made by knowledgeable observers
-
easily observable, real-life outcomes
-
direct observations of the subject in some predefined context
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
I data essentially measure ________.
Respuesta
-
your internal states or emotions
-
your level of self-awareness
-
your reputation
-
work productivity (in industrial psychology)
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas
inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.
Respuesta
-
biases; stereotypes
-
heuristic errors; formal errors
-
errors; biases
-
trivial; serious
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?
Respuesta
-
one
-
two
-
three
-
five
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a
potential indicator of psychopathology?
Respuesta
-
an arrest record by age 21
-
an annual income below the poverty line
-
being fired from a job by age 30
-
never being married by age 40
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.
Respuesta
-
L
-
I
-
S
-
B
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.
Respuesta
-
B
-
I
-
L
-
S
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.
Respuesta
-
develop a questionnaire
-
recruit informants
-
observe the subject directly
-
look up information in public records
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means
that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.
Respuesta
-
definitional truth
-
causal truth
-
phenomenological force
-
causal force
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?
Respuesta
-
Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.
-
Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.
-
Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.
-
Read and consider the content of the items.
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological
significance.
Respuesta
-
S
-
B
-
I
-
L
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.
Respuesta
-
L
-
I
-
S
-
B
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and
Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The
observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.
Respuesta
-
experience sampling
-
experimental B
-
L
-
projective
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?
Respuesta
-
S
-
B
-
L
-
I
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project.
She would most likely obtain ________ data.
Respuesta
-
L
-
I
-
S
-
B
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because
________.
Respuesta
-
each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts
-
judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior
-
some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments
-
all of the above
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?
Respuesta
-
an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
-
only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality
-
the most recently observed typical behavior
-
behaviors that are observed every day
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?
Respuesta
-
S
-
B
-
I
-
L
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?
Respuesta
-
S
-
B
-
I
-
L
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?
Respuesta
-
observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
-
number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency situation
-
a subject’s verbal responses to a Rorschach test
-
number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
Respuesta
-
I
-
B
-
L
-
S
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
Respuesta
-
measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements
-
observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation
-
a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical interview
-
a participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits
________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will
respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.
Respuesta
-
B data; I data
-
S data; I data
-
S data; B data
-
laboratory B data; natural B data
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?
Respuesta
-
L
-
S
-
I
-
B
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?
Respuesta
-
action verification
-
causal force
-
expectancy effect
-
narcissistic reflection
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.
Respuesta
-
confirmation
-
expectancy
-
fish-and-water
-
self-monitoring
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant
disadvantage for ________ data.
Respuesta
-
B
-
L
-
I
-
S
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus,
these judgments have ________.
Respuesta
-
generalizability
-
validity
-
causal force
-
reliability
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
A major advantage of S data is that ________.
Respuesta
-
only a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data
-
the best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes
-
you are the world’s best expert about your own personality
-
to assess personality, you must observe what the person actually does
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?
Respuesta
-
The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura.
-
The S data often do not have psychological relevance.
-
The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person’s personality.
-
The S data have definitional truth.
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and
generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s
achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.
Respuesta
-
recency effect
-
expectancy effect
-
self-serving bias
-
judgment bias
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and
then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning
technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.
Respuesta
-
experience sampling
-
experimental B
-
L
-
projective
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.
Respuesta
-
common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance
-
a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate
-
direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value
-
direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST
trustworthy?
Respuesta
-
B
-
I
-
L
-
S
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?
Respuesta
-
They have causal force.
-
They include common sense.
-
They are based on large amounts of information.
-
They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
A major disadvantage of L data is ________.
Respuesta
-
that they provide too much information
-
that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target’s behavior
-
that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
-
that judges may be biased about the person they are describing
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
Respuesta
-
Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
-
Direct observations are easily quantifiable.
-
Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times.
-
Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is
that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?
Respuesta
-
Participants can easily fake responses on the items.
-
Such items raise concerns with social desirability.
-
Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
-
Such items tend to make participants very anxious.
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random
times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to
answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.
Respuesta
-
experience sampling
-
experimental B
-
L
-
projective
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during
normal daily activities?
Respuesta
-
experiential assessment
-
ambulatory assessment
-
projective assessment
-
digitally assisted experimental assessment
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)?
Respuesta
-
S instruments
-
omnibus personality test batteries
-
objective tests
-
performance-based personality tests
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?
Respuesta
-
S and B
-
L and B
-
I and B
-
S and L
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable
measure of attitudes toward ________.
Respuesta
-
paper clips
-
casual sexual encounters
-
outgroup members
-
the self (like self-esteem)
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.
Respuesta
-
never occur
-
not affect the reliability of a measure
-
not attenuate the validity of a measure
-
sum to zero
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?
Respuesta
-
alpha
-
Spearman-Brown
-
kappa
-
Kaiser-Guttman
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
Respuesta
-
reliable
-
valid
-
significant
-
generalizable
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.
Respuesta
-
how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
-
whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure
-
whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct
-
whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following
Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self-
Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.
Respuesta
-
valid
-
reliable
-
significant
-
free of unwanted biases
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly
with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she
had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.
Respuesta
-
reliability
-
a validity bias
-
a cohort effect
-
measurement error
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.
Respuesta
-
use the smallest possible number of items
-
measure something that is important
-
aggregate your measurements
-
maximize error variance
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
Respuesta
-
random errors cancel each other out
-
random errors never cancel each other out
-
reliable errors cancel each other out
-
a sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her
scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is
following which principle of measurement?
Respuesta
-
multitrait assessment
-
content validation
-
aggregation
-
construct validation
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.
Respuesta
-
refusing to aggregate items
-
measuring something important
-
using very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes
-
constructing items with complicated words and phrases
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?
Respuesta
-
entering data into a database incorrectly after collection
-
the immediate state of the participant
-
the mood of the experimenter
-
aggregation of responses to different items
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity
concern ________.
Respuesta
-
accuracy; consistency
-
consistency; dependability
-
stability; dependability
-
consistency; accuracy
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
Respuesta
-
is consistent and stable
-
provides the same result if repeated
-
actually reflects or measures what you think it does
-
is reliable
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence
and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both
examples of specific tests or measurements.
Respuesta
-
constructs
-
valid ideas
-
assessments
-
manifest factors
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and
each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is
extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-
Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based
on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.
Respuesta
-
valid measure of intelligence
-
valid but unreliable measure of intelligence
-
reliable but not valid measure of intelligence
-
more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Reliability is ________ for validity.
Respuesta
-
a necessary and sufficient condition
-
a necessary but not sufficient condition
-
a sufficient condition
-
not at all relevant
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular
construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.
Respuesta
-
construct validation
-
aggregation validation
-
generalization
-
internal validation
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that
what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.
Respuesta
-
the ecological reliability of their research
-
the internal validity of their studies
-
the generalizability of their findings
-
the construct validity of their studies
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.
Respuesta
-
factorial invariance
-
psychometric integrity
-
measurement equivalence
-
generalizability
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class
college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.
Respuesta
-
generalizability
-
reliability
-
validity
-
statistical significance
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?
Respuesta
-
randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students
-
randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students
-
recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate
-
selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of
personality research?
Respuesta
-
More women than men participate in research.
-
Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up.
-
Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.
-
Much personality research is based on samples of college students.
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.
Respuesta
-
case study
-
correlational
-
experimental
-
behavioral
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
Respuesta
-
It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon.
-
It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses.
-
It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups.
-
It is not generalizable.
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental
method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same
variable is ________.
Respuesta
-
externally derived; internally derived
-
significant; important
-
manipulated; measured
-
reliable; valid
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.
Respuesta
-
it allows the assessment of causality
-
it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants
-
participants are always randomly sampled from the general population
-
it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
Random assignment allows researchers to ________.
Respuesta
-
ignore problems of measurement
-
assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions
-
ignore ethical constraints on research
-
control for selective attrition
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.
Respuesta
-
test scores and anxiety are positively correlated
-
test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
-
test scores and anxiety are unrelated
-
the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She
randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film
clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to
watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a
homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Respuesta
-
experimental
-
correlational
-
case study
-
repeated measures
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have
to ________.
Respuesta
-
find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers
-
randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition
-
compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has never smoked
-
teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every
participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to
donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Respuesta
-
experimental
-
correlational
-
case study
-
repeated measures
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
Respuesta
-
experimental
-
correlational
-
case study
-
repeated measures
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