Marxism

1. 1HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
   The division of labour can be divided into two parts: firstly, those who [blank_start]own the means of production[blank_end], and secondly the labourers. The [blank_start]supserstructure of institutions[blank_end] refers to the economic base that shapes or determines [blank_start]all[blank_end] other features of society

   1. Aown the means of production
   2. Bsupserstructure of institutions
   3. Call
2. 2CLASS SOCIETY & EXPLOITATION
   In [blank_start]primitive communism[blank_end], there were no social classes, [blank_start]no private ownership[blank_end] and no exploitation. However, there have been 3 successive class societies since then:
   1. In [blank_start]ancient[blank_end] society, there was exploitation of the [blank_start]slaves[blank_end]
   2. In a [blank_start]feudal[blank_end] society, there was exploitation of the [blank_start]serfs[blank_end]
   3. Finally, in a [blank_start]capitalist[blank_end] society, there is exploitation of [blank_start]free wage labourers[blank_end]
   The bourgeoise can control society's [blank_start]surplus product[blank_end]. A surplus product refers to the [blank_start]difference[blank_end] between what labourers actually [blank_start]produce[blank_end] and the needs to keep them alive and working

   1. Aprimitive communism
   2. Bno private ownership
   3. Cancient
   4. Dslaves
   5. Efeudal
   6. Fserfs
   7. Gcapitalist
   8. Hfree wage labourers
   9. Isurplus product
   10. Jdifference
   11. Kproduce
3. 3The proleteriat are [blank_start]legally free[blank_end], however they don't [blank_start]own any means of production[blank_end] so they have to sell labour power to [blank_start]bourgeoise[blank_end] in order to survive. In regards to the bourgeoise, the [blank_start]competition[blank_end] between capitalists means that the ownership of the means of production becomes [blank_start]concentrated[blank_end]. Due to the competition, it results in the capitalist class paying the [blank_start]lowest[blank_end] wages possible which causes immersion of the proleteriat. The concentration of ownership & the [blank_start]deskilling[blank_end] of the proleteriat leads to [blank_start]class polarisation[blank_end] (minority capitalist class and majority working class)

   1. Alegally free
   2. Bbound by capitalism
   3. Cown any means of production
   4. Dhave class consciousness
   5. Ebourgeoise
   6. Fother neighboring workers
   7. Gcompetition
   8. Hhatred
   9. Iconcentrated
   10. Jdiluted
   11. Klowest
   12. Lhighest
   13. Mdeskilling
   14. Nalienation
   15. Oclass polarisation
   16. Pa classless society
4. 4IDEOLOGY
   The [blank_start]bourgeoise[blank_end] own and control [blank_start]mental[blank_end] production (the production of [blank_start]ideas[blank_end]), namely the ideas of the economically [blank_start]dominant[blank_end] class. Religion, education & the [blank_start]media[blank_end] produce sets of ideas & beliefs that [blank_start]legitimise[blank_end] existing social order as desirable/inevitable

   1. Abourgeoise
   2. Bproleteriat
   3. Cmental
   4. Deconomic
   5. Eideas
   6. Fdominant
   7. Gsubordinate
   8. Hmedia
   9. Icriminal justice system
   10. Jlegitimise
   11. Koppose
5. 5ALIENATION
   Alienation is the result of our loss of [blank_start]control[blank_end] over our labour and its products. We are separated from our true nature as [blank_start]creative[blank_end] beings.

   1. Acontrol
   2. Bcreative
6. 6THE STATE, REVOLUTION & COMMUNISM
   The state can be described as '[blank_start]armed bodies of men[blank_end]'; these include the army, police, prison & [blank_start]courts[blank_end]. They protect the interests of the class of owners who [blank_start]control[blank_end] it. [blank_start]Suppress[blank_end] opposition and prevent revolution.

   1. Aarmed bodies of men
   2. Binstitutionally racist
   3. Ccourts
   4. Dthe monarchy
   5. Econtrol
   6. Fserve
   7. GSuppress
   8. HWelcome
7. 7CRITICISMS OF MARX
   * [blank_start]Class[blank_end] - simplistic, [blank_start]one[blank_end]-dimensional view of inequality. [blank_start]Weber[blank_end] = status & power differences can be sources of inequality [blank_start]independently[blank_end] from class. [blank_start]Feminists[blank_end] = gender is a more fundamental source of inequality than class. Furthermore, the two class model is [blank_start]simplistic[blank_end]. Weber subdivides these classes further e.g. dividing the proleteriat into [blank_start]skilled/unskilled[blank_end]. Additionally, [blank_start]class polarisation[blank_end] hasn't occurred. Instead, the middle class has [blank_start]grown[blank_end] while the industrial working class has [blank_start]shrunk[blank_end] in Western societies.
   * [blank_start]Economic determinism[blank_end] - the [blank_start]base-superstructure[blank_end] model fails to recognise that humans have [blank_start]free will[blank_end] and can bring about change through their conscious actions; it neglects the role of [blank_start]ideas[blank_end]. Weber = [blank_start]Calvanistic Protestantism[blank_end] helped to bring [blank_start]modern[blank_end] capitalism into being. Finally, Marx's predictions of revolution [blank_start]haven't come true yet[blank_end].

   1. AClass
   2. Bone
   3. Ctwo
   4. DWeber
   5. EGoffman
   6. Findependently
   7. GFeminists
   8. Hsimplistic
   9. Iskilled/unskilled
   10. Jclass polarisation
   11. Kgrown
   12. Lshrunk
   13. MEconomic determinism
   14. Nbase-superstructure
   15. Ofree will
   16. Pideas
   17. QCalvanistic Protestantism
   18. Rmodern
   19. Shaven't come true yet
8. 8HEGEMONY & REVOLUTION(AO2 OF TRADITIONAL MARXISM)
   The ruling class rely heavily on [blank_start]consent[blank_end] to maintain their rule. Agrees with [blank_start]Marx[blank_end] that they are able to do so because they control the [blank_start]institutions[blank_end] that produce & spread ideas.
   Hegemony is never complete because:
   1. The ruling class are a [blank_start]minority[blank_end] - they need to create alliances with other groups such as the [blank_start]middle class[blank_end]. They also need to make [blank_start]ideological compromises[blank_end] to fulfill interests of allies.
   2. The proleteriat have a [blank_start]dual consciousness[blank_end] - they are influenced by both bourgeoise ideology and the [blank_start]material conditions[blank_end] of life.

   1. Aconsent
   2. Bforce
   3. Cpolitical power
   4. DMarx
   5. EGramsci
   6. Finstitutions
   7. Gpeople
   8. Hminority
   9. Imajority
   10. Jmiddle class
   11. Kworking class
   12. Lideological compromises
   13. Moffers
   14. Ndual consciousness
   15. Ohatred for the bourgeoise
   16. Pmaterial conditions
   17. Qsocial influence of others
9. 9HEGEMONY & REVOLUTION(AO2 OF TRADITIONAL MARXISM)
   Although, an economic crisis could lead to hegemony being undermined and society questioning the [blank_start]status quo[blank_end]. It will only lead to a revolution if the proleteriat create a [blank_start]counter-hegemonic bloc[blank_end] (able to offer moral & ideological leadership to society). They would win ideological leadership from the ruling class by offering a new version of how society should be organised, based on a [blank_start]socialist[blank_end] rather than a capitalist's values.

   1. Astatus quo
   2. Btrue meaning of class
   3. Ccounter-hegemonic bloc
   4. Dtea party
   5. Erebellion
   6. Fsocialist
   7. GMarxist
10. 10EVALUATION OF GRAMSCI
    Overemphasises the role of ideas, underemphasises the role of [blank_start]state coercion[blank_end] & economic factors. [blank_start]Paul Willis[blank_end] takes a similar approach to [blank_start]Gramsci[blank_end] - the role of ideas & consciousness as the basis for [blank_start]resisting domination[blank_end] & changing society. His [blank_start]WC[blank_end] boys [blank_start]'partially penetrating'[blank_end] bourgeoise ideology

    1. Astate coercion
    2. BPaul Willis
    3. CGramsci
    4. Dresisting domination
    5. EWC
    6. F'partially penetrating'

11. 11ALTHUSSER: CRITICISMS OF THE BASE-SUPERSTRUCTURE MODEL
    [blank_start]Rejects[blank_end] base-structure model. Offers [blank_start]structural determinism[blank_end] as an alternative ([blank_start]Craib[blank_end])
    1. [blank_start]Economic[blank_end] level - producing something in order to [blank_start]satisfy a need[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]Political[blank_end] level - all forms of [blank_start]organisation[blank_end]
    3. [blank_start]Ideological[blank_end] level - ways that people [blank_start]see themselves and the world[blank_end]

    1. ARejects
    2. Bstructural determinism
    3. CCraib
    4. DEconomic
    5. Esatisfy a need
    6. FPolitical
    7. GIdeological
    8. Horganisation
    9. Isee themselves and the world
12. 12IDEOLOGICAL & REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES
    * [blank_start]RSA[blank_end]'s - army, [blank_start]police[blank_end] and prisons. [blank_start]Coerce[blank_end] the [blank_start]working class[blank_end] into complying with the will of the bourgeoise
    * [blank_start]ISA's[blank_end] - media, education system, family, [blank_start]reformist political parties[blank_end], trade unions. [blank_start]Ideologically manipulative[blank_end] WC into accepting capitalism as [blank_start]legitimate[blank_end]

    1. ARSA
    2. BISA's
    3. Cpolice
    4. DCoerce
    5. Eworking class
    6. Freformist political parties
    7. GIdeologically manipulative
    8. Hlegitimate

Descripción

A-Level (SCLY4 - Theory) Sociology Test sobre Marxism, creado por Ellen Worrall el 24/04/2016.

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Ellen Worrall

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