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Research Methods- Key Terms and Definitions (INCOMPLETE)
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- 1Research Methods- AS LevelKey Terms and Definitions
- 2AimGeneral statements that describe the purpose of an investigation
e.g. 'To investigate whether drinking energy drinks makes people more talkative - 3Hypothesis- directionalClear statement of the relationship of the two variables as stated by the aim. In terms of directional hypotheses, they state the type of change expected
e.g. People who drink energy drinks will be *more* talkative than those who drink water. - 4Hypothesis- non-directionalIn terms of non- directional hypotheses, they don't state the type of change expected, just that there will be a change
e.g. People who drink energy drinks will differ in terms of talkativeness compared to those who drink water. - 5Hypothesis- nullIn terms of null hypotheses, they state there will be no change
e.g. People who drink energy drinks will be no more talkative than those who drink water - 6Independent variableAn aspect of an experiment that is manipulated so the effect on the DV can be measured
e.g. control condition: drinking water, experimental condition: drinking energy drink - 7Dependent variableThe variable that is measured by the researcher. Any effect that manipulating the IV has on the DV should be noted.
e.g. level of talkativeness - 8OperationalisationClearly defining variables in a hypthesis so they're measurable
e.g. After drinking 300ml of energy drink, participants will say more words in one minute than participants who drink 300ml of water - 9Extraneous variableAny variable other than the IV that may have an effect on the DV. They do not vary systematically with the IV
e.g. age of participants - 10Confounding variableAny variable other than the IV that may have had an effect on the DV, so we can't be sure of the source of change. They do vary systematically with the IV
e.g. participant personality - 11Demand characteristicsAny cue from the researcher or situation which may inform the participant of the aim. The participant may alter their behaviour because of this.
- 12Investigator effectsAny effect of the investogator's conscious or unconscious behaviour on the DV.
e.g. how they interact with participants, such as smiling or leading questions - 13RandomisationThe use of chance in order to control the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions
- 14StandardisationUsing the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants
- 15Independent Group DesignTwo separate groups, with one group doing Condition A and the other group doing Condition B. The results are then compared.
+ No order effects or DCs. - Individual differences, expensive. - 16Repeated Measures DesignOne group does both Condition A and B. The results are compared.
+ No individual differences, cheap. - Order effects and DCs. - 17Matched Pairs DesignOne group is chosen, then another is chosen based on the first groups characteristics. One group does Condition A while the other does B. The results are compared.
+ No order effects or DCs. - Expensive, some individual differences. - 18Random allocationRandomly assigning participants to different conditions to minimise researcher bias and reduce participant variables. Used in IGD and MPD.
- 19CounterbalancingAn attempt to control order effects in RMD. Half the participants take part in Condition A while half do Condition B. Participant 1 does A-B, Participant 2 does B-A, hence the ABBA nickname for counterbalancing.
- 20Order effectsOften a result in RMD, such as fatigue and boredom. Counterbalancing is done to minimise order effects.
- 21Lab experimentsConducted in highly controlled environments, researcher manipulates IV.
+ Control of EVs, high internal validity, replication.
- Difficult to generalise, artificial, low mundane realism, DCs. - 22Field experimentsConducted in natural environments, researcher manipulates IV.
+ High mundane realism, high external validity.
- Lack of control, difficult to replicate, no consent. - 23Natural experimentsConducted in natural or lab environments, researcher doesn't manipulate. Only IV is natural.
+ Provide otherwise impossible possibilities, high external validity.
- Difficult to generalise, lack of random allocation (individual differences) - 24Quasi experimentsA study in which the variables simply exist e.g. age, gender
+ Controlled conditions. - Confounding variables.
Información
- Descripción
- AQA AS and A Level Psychology: Research Methods (AS only)- cue cards for key terms and definitions for all topics outlined in the AQA AS Level textbook.
- Creado por
- Grace Fawcitt · ene 2018
- Actualizado
- 22 ene 2018
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- 36
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