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Invertebrates
Fichas del conjunto (57)
- 1Are invertebrates mono- or polyphyletic?Monophyletic
- 2What are characteristics that distinguish animals?Fossils, gene sequences, patterns of embryonic development (number of cell layers, fate of blastopore, cleavage patterns), morphology, and physiology
- 3What are the fates of the blastopore?1) Protostomes: blastopore develops into mouth
2) Deuterostomes: blastopore develops into anus, mouth develops later - 4What are the kinds of cleavage?1) Spiral and determinate, in Protostomes (ex: molluscs, annelids)
2) Radial and determinate, in Deuterostomes (ex: echinoderms) - 5What is an acoelomate?No fluid-filled body cavity; the space between gut and body wall is filled with mesenchyme cells
- 6What is a pseudocoelomate?Has a body cavity, but it is not lined with the peritoneum.
- 7Which phyla have radiata symmetry?Ctenophora and Cnidaria
- 8Describe ctenophoraAll marine, feed on planktonic organisms. Radial symmetry. Diploblastic. Complete gut. Nerve nets. Ctenes (rows of cilia for movement). Cells on feeding tentacles discharge colloblast.
- 9Describe cnidariaMostly marine. Sea anemones, jellyfish, corals. Simple body layout. Radial symmetry. Diploblastic. Blind gut. Nerve nets. Specialised carnivores (nematocysts)
- 10Describe PoriferaCell aggregates. No distinct embryonic cell layers. No true organs. Lack any symmetry. Lack a nervous system.
- 11Describe PlacozoansFew cell types. Diploblasts. Asymmetrical mature stage. No mouth, gut, or nervous system.
- 12Describe BilateriansLarge monophyletic group. Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, more complex skeletons and body cavities enable more elaborate movement.
- 13Describe the ProtostomeCommon ancestor for bilateral symmetry. Mouth first from blastopore.
- 14Name the two clades of the ProtostomesLophotrochozoans
Ecdysozoans - 15What is the trochophore?Larval form that moves by beating a band of cilia.
- 16Name the categories of LophotorochozoansBryozoans: use lophophore to feed
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca - 17Give an example of EcdysozoansNematodes
- 18Name the Alveolate protist categoriesDinoflagellates
Apicomplexa
Ciliates - 19Name the Stramenopila protist categoriesDiatoms
Brown Algae
Oomycotes - 20Name the Excavates protist categoriesEuglonozoa
Kitenoplastids - 21List some diagnostic Porifera featuresNo distinct cell layers, no true organs, several cell types, asymmetric, totipotent body cells, no nervous system, no gut, no body cavity
- 22Name the Porifera structure partsOscula
Myocyte
Ostia - 23Name the spongocoel cell typesPinacocytes
Porocytes
Archaeocytes
Spicules
Choanocytes - 24Name the three sponge formsAsconoid
Synconoid
Leuconoid - 25Distinguish between the Porifera classes1) Calcarea: spicules of mineral skeleton made up of carbonate or aragonite. Spicules are 1,3,4 rayed. Can be of any form. Live in shallow waters.
2) Demospongiae: live in all depths. Leuconoid shape. Siliceous spicules (not 6 rays). Skeleton supplemented by spongin network
3) Hexactinellida: "glass sponges". Deep sea forms. Radial symmetry. Attached by stalks. Siliceous spicules, 6 rays. - 26Describe Bernoulli's principle in spongesAllows decreased flow velocity within choanocyte chambers for efficient food capture, and increased flow velocity on way out of osculum to dissipate waste and sperm effectively.
- 27Describe sponge reproductionAsexual: through budding and fragmentation.
Sexual: an individual produces both eggs and sperm (but no self-fertilisation). Sperm released, often synchronous ("smoking sponges") - 28Name the two stages of Metagenesis in CnidariaPolyp and Medusa
- 29What are the functions of a blind gut?Digestion, circulation, gas exchange, hydrostatic skeleton
- 30What are cnidocytes?Cells functioning in defence and in prey capture. Contain organelle-like cnidae.
- 31Name the types of cnida1) Tubule/thread
2) Nematocysts
3) Spirocysts
4) Ptychocysts - 32Name the Cnidaria classes and give an example of each1) Hydrozoa: hydroids
2) Scyphozoa: jellyfish
3) Cubozoa: box jellies
4) Anthozoa: corals - 33Distinguish between scleractinian hermatypic corals and scleractinian ahermatypic coralsHermatypic: are reef-forming. Colonial. Polyps secrete matrix of organic molecules to deposit calcium carbonate, forming skeleton.
Ahermatypic: non-reef forming corals. Do not have zooxanthellae. Found in deep cold waters. Filter feed and grow slowly. - 34How could we protect coral reefs?1) Monitor temperature across reefs
2) Legal System protected areas
3) Limiting atmospheric CO2 emissions - 35Name the two kinds of Platyhelmithes1) Free-Living flatworms
2) Internal parasites - 36Name and distinguish the classes of Platyhelminthes1) Turbellaria: well-developed sense organs to find prey. Usually black/brown/grey colours. Both asexual and sexual reproduction.
2) Monogea: very small, well-developed gut. Mostly fish ectoparasites. Simple life cycles without asexual phase.
3) Trematoda: internal parasites, leech-like bodies with sucker. Well-developed reproductive system. Consume host tissue. Complicated life cycle.
4) Cestoda: gut-less endoparasites in alimentary tract of vertebrates. Have scolex (anterior attachment organ) and proglottids (reproductive units). - 37List the Platyhelminthes adaptations to parasitismVariable and complex life cycles
Sensory capability for host-finding behaviours
Evasion of host defences, modification of surfaces
Resistant life stages
Some have attachment organs - 38List some annelida characteristicsSegmented. Mostly burrowers. Archetypal protostome. True coelom (except leeches). Bilateral symmetry. Spiral cleavage. Closed circulatory system. bodies cover in thin secreted permeable body wall. Complete digestive tract. Development of excretory organ.
- 39Name the three parts of metameric segmentationAnnuli: external circular grooves
Metamere: somite
Septa: internal divide - 40Name and distinguish between the two classes of annelida1) Polychaeta: free-swimming predators and sedentary particle feeders. Well-developed head. Parapodia as extensions of body wall. Setae usually in bundles. Have prostomium and peristomium.
Contains Pogonophora sub-class.
2) Clitellata: Few chetae per segment. No parapodia. Unique reproductive organ (clitellum). Contains Oligochaeta and Hirudinea sub-class. - 41Describe oligochaete movementPeristalsis = alternate waves
Septa = movement in separate segments
Longitudinal muscles contract to shorten body, circular muscles contract to elongate body.
Setae as anchors, can be retracted. - 42Describe leech movementInch-worm like crawling. Circular/longitudinal and diagonal/dorsoventral muscles.
- 43Describe Polychaetes reproductionMainly sexual, some use regeneration.
Asexual by fragmentation.
Gametes produced by peritoneal tissue, released into water and externally fertilised.
Develop into trochophore larvae. - 44Describe Oligochaetes reproductionAll hermaphrodicitc. Direct development into tiny adults. Gametes produced in ovaries and testes. External fertilisation. Some asexual by division.
- 45Describe Hirudinea reproductionSimultaneous hermaphrodite. Internal fertilisation.
- 46Describe the Mollusc general body plan1) Head-foot: large muscular structure, originally for locomotion and support of internal organs.
2) Visceral mass: heart, digestive and excretory organs, reproductive organs.
3) Mantle: thick folds of tissue that covers organs in the visceral mass; possesses shell glands that secrete the calcareous shell. Houses the osphradium, nephridiopores, gonopores, anus. - 47Name and distinguish the Mollusca classes1) Gastropoda: snails, slugs, nudibranchs. Move by gliding on foot. Shells usually on back, often coiled.Prominent head and well-developed sensory structures. Radula for feeding. Hermaphroditic with internal fertilisation.
2) Cephalopoda: octopus, squid, nautilus. Heads surrounded by a foot modified into arms and tentacles. Mostly agile swimmers, complex nervous systems.
3) Monoplacophora:signle conical shell. Neopilina genus. Radula. separate sexes. Evidence of segmentation
4) Polyplacophora: chitons. Oval, dorsoventrally flattened. Reduced head. Radula. Shell of 8 overlapping calcareous dorsal plates surrounded by thick mantle. Algae grazers. Trochophore but no veliger
5) Scaphopoda: tusk shells
6) Aplacophora: no fossil record. No shell. Chitinous cuticle embedded with calcareous spicules. Worm-like body. No head or excretory organs. Radula used for grasping.
7) Bivalvia: clams, mussels, oysters - 48What is torsion?Twisting of body parts during larval development. Occurs only in gastropods. Mantle cavity above head.
- 49Name the advantages of torsionLarval:
1) head and lobes can be retracted into mantle cavity before foot and operculum. Some protection from small predators or digestion.
Adult:
2) Aquatic snails: sensing and respiratory organs are leading and facing water current --> more efficient.
3) Defense against predators. - 50Name the disadvantage of torsion and the evolutionary solutionsPotential fouling of gills or sense organs on the head.
Evolutionary solutions:
1) longitudinal slit through shell (exhaling current),
2) unidirectional current (L-->R),
3) reduction of one gill/anus moved to right,
4) detorsion by 90 degrees/ - 51Describe the bivalvia body modificationsShell of 2 valves, hinged.
Use of foot to burrow into mud/sand
Reduced head
Filter feeders (no Radula)
Gills with incurrent and excurrent siphon - 52Distinguish between the cephalopod sub-classes1) Nautiloidea: heavy chambered shell, early cephalopod. External shell coiled along one plane. Poor swimmers (weak water propulsion). 80-90 tentacles without suckers. 4 gills. Simple eyes and nervous system.
2) Coleoidea: internal shell (if present), trend is reduction. Good swimmers (powerful water propulsion), 8-10 tentacles with suckers. 2 vascularised gills. Ink sacs. - 53Describe cephalopods pigmentationChromatophore pigment cells in skin. Can expand or contract to produce colour changes. Controlled by NS, but not hormonal. Useful for camouflage and communication.
Photophores give bioluminescence - 54What are Nematoda?Ecdysozoan Protostomes who moult 4 times.
- 55Describe a use of Entomopathogenic NematodesThey form mutualistic symbiosis with insect-pathenogenic bacteria. Used as an effective pest bio-control method.
- 56Name nematode human parasitesHookworm, Trichinosis, river blindness.
- 57Why are nematodes so successful?1) Presence of environmentally protective cuticle (physical protection, barrier to materials)
2) Facultative diapause (like Dauer stage)
3) Biochemical adaptations to existence in extreme conditions
4) Use of variety of reproductive strategies
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- Biology Fichas sobre Invertebrates, creado por Cornelia C el 05/12/2018.
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- Cornelia C
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