Fichas
Biological Explanations of SZ
Fichas del conjunto (17)
- 1Outline what Gottesmans study of the family found.Gottesman - SZ is more common among biological relatives
- The closer the genetic relation the higher the risk (developing SZ) - 2Outline the concordance rates for 2 Parents with SZ 1 Parent with SZ Sibiling with SZ2 Parents - 46 %
1 Parent - 13%
Sibling - 9% - 3Outline the results of Joepsh twin studies. (Concordance rates)MZ (Identical) - 40.4%
DZ (Non-identical) - 7.4%
This suggests there is a genetic link to SZ: Not 100% (MZ) therefore other contributing factors. - 4Outline the findings of more recent studies using twins.Studies using a 'blind diagnosis' (researchers unaware MZ or DZ twins)
LOWER concordance rates for MZ twins - 5Outline one reason other than genetic factors as to why SZ concordance rate may be higher in MZ twins.MZ twins encounter
- More similar environments (Do things together)
- Experience 'identity confusion' (treated as twins rather than individuals
Concordance rates reflect the different environments rather than genetics. - 6Outline an AO2 point for adoption studies.Studies presume adoptees are not 'selectively placed'. In Denmark/USA adoptive parents informed genetic background
Kringlen - who would adopt such children? - 7Explain the evolutionary explanation of SZ.SZ is functional: Australian Aborigines: (group became too large) it had to split. SZ adaptive function: disconnected individual to easily leave. Psychotic thinking allowed them to create a new community
- 8What does the dopamine hypothesis suggest?Neurons that transmit dopamine fire to easily/often = characteristics of SZ.
SZ have abnormally high no. of D2 receptors (receiving neuron) = more dopamine binding & firing. - 9What does dopamine control and what happens if there's too much?Attention: as a result too much dopamine leads to hallucinations /delusions
- 10How is the role of dopamine highlighted through evidence such as the use of amphetamines?Amphetamines act as an agonist, leading to an excess of dopamine in the synapse. High levels of dopamine cause hallucinations/delusions.
High dopamine levels = SZ - 11How is the role of dopamine highlighted through evidence such as anti - psychotic drugs?Anti-psychotics act as an antagonist: blocking & reducing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. This eliminates symptoms (Hallucinations/delusions)
Support: dopamine is significant contributing factor to SZ - 12How is the role of dopamine highlighted through evidence such as Parkinson's disease?Low levels of dopamine found in individuals with Parkinsons.
Those taking the drug L-Dopa(stimulates/increases dopamine levels) found to have SZ symptoms. - 13State one problem with the Dopamine Hypothesis.Drugs used block dopamine can increase dopamine activity neurons attempt to compensate for deficiency.
- 14Outline the findings of post mortem studies.Haracz :
Post mortems of SZ showed high dopamine levels in those who had received anti-psychotic drugs before death. Those who hadn't showed normal dopamine levels. - 15What are the findings of PET scans?PET scans have failed to provide evidence which suggests that there is altered dopamine activity in the brains of individuals with SZ.
- 16Outline what brain imaging techniques have found in individuals with SZ.Researchers have found large ventricles in brains of SZ.
Torrey:
Ventricles in SZ - 15% bigger than normal
Display negative rather than positive symptoms
Ventricles may be result of poor brain development = SZ - 17Outline why the dopamine hypothesis is reductionist.Suggest SZ purely result of excess in dopamine.
Maybe result of environmental factors.
Adoption studies suggest genetic link.
Diathesis stress relationship witin SZ
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- A-Levels (Schizophrenia) Psychology Fichas sobre Biological Explanations of SZ, creado por OliviaBridge el 23/02/2013.
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