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Tectonics
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- 1Mercalli ScaleUsed to indicate the intensity of an earthquake. It classifies the effect of an earth quake on a scale using Roman Numerals for I to XII. Also takes in the effects on the earths surface conservation.
- 2Richter ScaleMeasures the strength or magnitude of an earthquake
- 3SeismometerA machine which records the strength of an earthquake. It picks up vibrations and tremors during an earthquake producing a seismograph.
- 4FocusThe point below the earth's surface where pressure is released.
- 5EpicenterThe point on the earth's surface directly above the focus.
- 6Shockwaves (Seismic waves)Produced when pressure is released from the focus.
- 7Examples of plate boundaries: Destructive Constructive Collision ConservativeNazca and South American Plate
Eurasian and North American Plate
Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plate
Pacific and North American Plate - 8Layers of the Earth
- 9Plates
- 10Ring Of Fire
- 11Collision Plate Margins Fold mountains and earthquakesTwo plates of equal density push toward each, in result fold mountains are created.
Examples: The Alps
- 12Destructive Plate Margin Earthquakes, fold mountains and volcanoesHeavier plate subducts causing magma to increase pressure causing fierce volcanic eruptions
- 13Conservative Plate Margin Volcanoes/Volcanic IslandsConvection currents force plates apart, magma rises and cools in gaps forming new crust.
- 14Conservative Plate Margin EarthquakesPlates move against each other causing friction, pressure released as an earthquake.
- 15Fold Mountains
- 16Shield VolcanoConstructive or tension margins. Low, sloping sides formed by eruptions of thin lava eruptions frequent- gentle
- 17Composite VolcanoDifferent layers, lava and ash. Destructive or compression margins. Eruptions = pyroclastic flow
- 18What did Alfred Wegner propose?He proposed that all the continents were once joint together as a huge continent, Pangaea. Evidence of this is: fossils, rock types and the shape of continents now.
However he didn't have any more evidence to explain his theory. - 19How have humans adapted to living in fold mountains- Tourism all year around
- Hydro-electric power
- Farming
- Dairy farming - 20Farming In The AlpsValley floor- flat land, deep fertile soil, sheltered from wind, access and communication.
Dairy farming- summer= high alps and winter= large barns
Hay in summer grown on valley floor - 21Hydro-electric power The AlpsSteep slopes, fast flowing rivers, high rainfall, snow melts in summer- ideal for HEP.
- 22Human Activity The AlpsTourism- led to buildings of roads, tunnels, avalanche shelters, hotels, restaurants etc. Benefits locals.
Features- winter scenery, summer resort, winter sports, alpine climate, communication, close to affluent areas. - 23Problems caused by fold mountains The Alps- Low population
- Cold, wet climate
- Short growing season
-Avalanches - 24Characteristics of a shield volcano-Cone with wide base, gentle slopes.
-Made of lava only.
-Regular and frequent eruptions
-Lava pours out, little violence - 25Characteristics of a composite cone volcano-Tall cone with narrow base and steep sides
-Made of alternate layers of lava and ash
-Irregular with long periods of dormancy
-Violent explosions - 26Earthquake case studiesMEDC: Seattle, USA, 2001
Richter scale: 6.8
LEDC: Gujarat, India, 2001
Richter scale: 7.9 - 27Tsunami case studyThe Asian Tsunami, 2004
Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and elsewhere
Magnitude: 8.9 - 28Volcano case studySoufriere Hills, Montserrat
July 1995
Capital city: Plymouth - 29Super-volcanoYellowstone
Last erupted about 2 million years ago
Volcanic ash covered more than half of North America - 30What is a supervolcano?A supervolcano is a volcano on a massive scale.
-Erupts at least 1,000 km3 of material
-Forms a depression, called a caldera
-Often has a ridge of higher land
-Eruptions are hundreds of thousands of years apart - 31Can volcanoes be predicted? Sometimes-Tremors, small quakes
-Gas emissions e.g CO2, SO2
-Temp change of water
-Bulges, shape might change - 32How do you prepare for an earthquake?-Educate people about eq's
-Prepare for eq's e.g food kits
-Sometimes seismometers can be used but are not accurate.
-Build roads and buildings to withstand the eq. Reduces damage and maybe deaths - 33What is a Tsunami?waves triggered by underwater earthquakes, the rate of travel is between 400-600 mph
The closer to land they get the higher the waves due to speed decreasing at the front but still fast behind
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- Fichas sobre Tectonics, creado por hajrahali.ha el 28/02/2015.
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