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Building Codes Illustrated: Soils & Foundations
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- 11) ch 18 of code contains: 2) ch 16 of code regulates: 3) ch 33 of code governs:1) provisions to the design & const. of bldgs & foundation systems
2) bldgs & foundations subject to water pressure from wind & wave action
3) excavations & fills made during the course of const. - 21-3) the bldg official will typ req. a soils investigation to determine the:1) stability & bearing capacity of site soils
2) height of groundwater table as any slabs or occ. spaces blw grade will req. dampproofing or water proofing depending on groundwater table
3) report should classify type of soil, recommend the type of footing, design criteria for footings - 31a-e) when bldgs are located in seismic design categories C or abv (1803.5.11-12) req. add. investigations for potential:1) earthquake motion-related hazards like 1a) slope instability 1b) liquefication
1c) total & differential slope settlement
1d) surface displacement from faulting
1e) seismically induced lateral spreading or lateral flow - 41) 1804 governs: 2) per 1803.5.7 where excavation will reduce support from a foundation, a registered design professional must:1) excavations, placement of backfill, & site grading near footings & foundations
2) prepare an investigative assessment of structure, review of available design docs, & excavations test pits or means of underpinning, sheeting, bracing if necessary - 51) cut & fill grading must not remove lateral support for the:1) footings of proposed bldg & any adj bldgs, if so shoring or underpinning must be installed to stabilize excavation
- 61-4) for Seismic Design Category D, E, or F the geotechnical investigation is to include (per 1803.5.12):1) determination of lateral earth pressures on fnd. walls & retaining walls supporting more than 6ft backfill
2) potential for liquefaction & soil strength loss
3) assessment of potential consequences of liquefaction & soil strength loss
4) necessary mitigation measures for earthquake-related soils problems - 71) site grading must slope away from footings at a min of (___) to prevent: 2) if sufficient space is not available to provide this drainage (___) may be used: 3) impervious (paved) surfaces may be provided if: 4) fills should be placed in lifts & compacted to prevent:1) 5% min slope for min of 10ft to prevent ponding of water against the footings
2) swales w/ a longitudinal slope of 2%
3) they have a 2% or greater slope
4) settlement or displacement - 81) alt systems like drains may be used in: 2) if underpinning is the method used to protect protection near existing fnd.'s, the system is to be installed per: - SUBSOIL DRAINAGE - 3) 1805 req.'s walls retaining earth & enclosing interior spaces blw grade be:1) conditions where the bldg is built into a slope
2) ch 18 & 33 - in a sequential manner to protect adj bldgs, existing bldgs on site, & working const. site from detrimental lateral translation, vert. movement, both
3) waterproofed or dampproofed depending on water table's location - 91) dampproofing is req.'d when there may be moisture present, but not: 2) (1805.1.3) at what height are floors & walls to be dampproofed 3) walls req. damp-proofing are to be treated on the (___) side & receive: 4) slabs are to be protected w/ an underslab:1) under hydrostatic pressure
2) 6" abv ground water table
3) earth side - bituminous coating, acrylic mod. cement, any waterproofing treatments noted in code
4) polyethylene membrane 6mil thickness w/ joints lapped & sealed - 101) slab alt can be covered w/ (___) on top when other mat.'s cover it 2) floor slabs of basements are to be placed over a base of: 3) a fnd. drain is to be placed (___) w/ (___) extending a min of (___) beyond the outside edge of the footing 4) drain gravel or pipe must be located:1) mopped on bitumen layer or 4 mil polyethylene membrane
2) min 4" of gravel or crushed stone
3) perimeter w/ gravel or crushed stone extending a min of 1ft
4) w/ the water-flow line no higher than the floor slab - 11WATERPROOFING 1) is req.'d when the site soils investigation indicates that there is water under: 2) waterproofing is req.'d unless a (___) is installed to lower the: 3) walls that are to be waterproofed must be made of (___) & be able to resist the:1) hydrostatic pressure at the site
2) groundwater ctrl system - lowers the water table to 6" blw lowest floor level
3) made of concrete or masonry const. & resist anticipated hydrostatic pressures w/ expected lateral & vert. loads - 121) waterproofing is to extend from the bottom of the wall to: 2) joints in the wall & btwn walls & floors & penetrations are to be: 3) floor waterproofing under the slab is: 4) layers top-down against fnd. wall:1) no less than 1ft abv the max elevation of the groundwater table
2) made watertight using approved mat.'s & methods
3) either a rubberized asphalt, butyl rubber, or 6 mil polyethylene membrane w/ all joints lapped & sealed
4) backfill / filter membrane / stone membrane / perimeter drain tile - 13LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOIL 1) table 1806.2 contains presumptive load-bearing values for fnd.'s & lateral pressure determines: 2) allowable vert. pressures vary, ex of bedrock vs clay soils is: 3) ex - a footing on clay soil vs bedrock is going to be:1) the size of the footing based on the weight of the structure bearing down various types of rock & soil
2) bedrock allows 12,000psf vs 1,500psf for clay soils
3) about 8x larger in plan area - 14FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS 1) 1808-9 describe the req.'s for: 2) footings are to be placed on: 3) footing tops are to be level, but the bottom may have: 4) when a site slope exceeds 10% footings must be: 5) footings must be min (___) blw grade 6) when frost occurs, footings must:1) footings & shallow foundations
2) undisturbed soil or on properly compacted fill
3) a slope of up to 10%
4) stepped as necessary to keep the footings in the ground
5) 1ft blw grade
6) extend blw frost line of locality - 151) per 1808.3.2 no fill or other surcharge loads are to be placed: 2) footings on granular soils must be located so a line drawn btwn the lower edge of adjoining footings doesn't exceed:1) adj to any bldg unless it's capable of withstanding the add. loads
2) a 30deg angle w/ the horiz. - 161) footings must be set back from (___) as shown in IBC figure 1808.7.1 2) to provide vert. & lateral support for footings & prevent settlement: 3) to provide protection from site drainage & erosion:1) slopes
2) H/3 or 40ft, whichever is smaller is req.'d for setback by the face of footing
3) H/2 or 15ft, whichever is smaller is req.'d for setback by the face of footing - 171) most footings & fnd.'s are made of: 2) per 1808.8.1-2 concrete fnd.'s are to be: 3) concrete to be placed using a tremie to: 4) footing concrete is to have a min compressive strength of:1) concrete (alt mat.'s exist)
2) of reinforced concrete w/ concrete mix designed for strength & to min. segregation during placement via funnel hopper or pumping
3) avoid segregation
4) 2,500 psi - 181) concrete cover over reinforcing steel to be per section: 2) the # of floors supported by fnd. determines the: 3) tables 1807.1.6.2-3 is for: 4) tables are based on the (___) of wall 5) assumes steel (___) strength & concrete compressive strength (___)1) 208 of ACI 318
2) footing & fnd. wall sizes, see table 1809.7 for light-frame const. footings & fnd.'s
3) concrete masonry walls for blw--grade structures where earth is retained
4) height & thickness
5) 60,000psi / 2,500psi - reinforcing to be placed in the wall based on tables - 19DEEP FOUNDATIONS 1) ch2 describes it as a fnd. element that cannot be considered: 2) elements often used for a deep fnd:1) a shallow fnd. aka a strip footing, mat fnd, slab-on-grade fnd. or sim. elements that are installed relatively close to ground surface
2) pier & pile fnd.'s use columnar structural elements either cast in drilled holes or driven into the ground to support fnd.'s - 201) per ch2 fnd. piers are: 2) belled piers are:1) isolated vert. fnd. members whose horiz. dim's doesn't exceed 3x their thickness & height is =/< 4x their thickness
2) cast-in-place concrete piers w/ base larger than diameter of shaft, which increases load-bearing area of end-bearing piears - 211) piles are slender structural elements w/ 2) both piers & piles derive their load-carrying capacity through: 3) 1810 covers design & const. of cast-in-place concrete pile fnd.'s like:1) lengths exceeding 12x their least horiz. dimension
2) skin friction (friction btwn their surfaces & surrounding soil) & their end-bearing on supporting mat., or both
3) auguered uncased piles, caisson piles, concrete-filled steel pip & tube piles, driven uncased piles, enlarged-base piles - 221) both pier & pile fnd.'s are to be based on recommendations of a: 2) pile caps of reinforced concrete join: 3) piles must be embedded a min (___) into the pile cap & the cap must extend (___) beyond the edges of piles 4) piers & piles must be braced to provide: 5) reinforcement is to be:1) soil investigation & once soil capacity is determined a system design is chosen
2) clusters of piles to distribute the load from a column or grade beam equally among the piles
3) 3" / 4"
3) lateral stability in all directions
4) tied together as a unit & placed in pier - 23DRIVEN PILES 1) driven piles rely on (___) to provide support for the bldg 2) piles are inserted into ground & driven into place by: 3) driven piles may be of materials:1) end-bearing or friction on the surface of the pile
2) impact of a hammer
3) timber, precast concrete, steel, steel-pipe - 241) timber piles must be: 2) precast concrete piles are to be: 3) concrete piles are designed to meet (___) forces: 4) reinforcement for precast nonprestressed piles vs prestressed min. cover =1) preservative-treated (unless underwater entire life) & watched to ensure ends aren't split/shattered in hammering process
2) reinforced w/ longitudinal rods tied in place w/ lateral or spiral ties
3) seismic forces
4) cover of 2" vs min as specified in ACI318 - 251) steel piles consist of either: 2) steel cannot have flange projection exceeding (___) 3) steel depth in direction of web can't be < than (___) & min thickness for flanges/webs are: 4) steel-pipe piles driven open-ended are to be at least (___) thick1) H-sections or sections fab. from steel plates
2) 14x min thickness of flange or web
3) 8" / 3/8"
3) 8" in outside diameter w/ wall thickness depending on driving force used - 26CAST-IN-PLACE DEEP FOUNDATIONS 1) are typ constructed by: 2) ch2 - drilled hole is filled w/ liquid concrete & "socketed" if: 3) driven uncased piles are constructed by:1) drilling a hole to suitable bearing strata & placing concrete in the hole
2) a permanent pipe casing extends the full length of the pile to bedrock
3) driving a steel casing into the soil & ramming concrete into place as the casing is withdrawn - 271) augered uncased piles are constructed by: 2) enlarged-base piles are cast-in-place concrete piles w/ enlarged base to increase: 3) ^they are formed by:1) placing concrete into an uncased augered hole
2) load-bearing capacity
3) forcing concrete out at the bottom of the casing into the surrounding soil - 281) steel-cased piles are cast-in-place concrete piles by driving a: 2) when a steel shell is used & considered part of reinforcing: 3) concrete-filled drilled shafts are constructed by driving:1) steel casing w/ a mandrel into the ground until it meets the req.'d resistance & then filling it w/ concrete
2) steel must be protected w/ a coating (1810.3.1.6)
3) steel pipes into soil until they meet req.'d resistance & filling them w/ concrete aka "socketed" drilled shafts - 291) casisson piles are cast-in-place concrete piles having a: 2) micropiles (mini piles), pin piles, needles piles, are often used in (___) const. & described to have a min wall thickness (___) & diameter (___)1) cased upper portion & uncased lower portion that extends into bedrock
2) retrofit const. / 3/16" / 4-1/2" or larger
^may be drilled or driven & typ grouted
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