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Genetic Variation

Yuexin Tie Biology NCEA1 Inglés 50 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (50)

  1. 1AlleleAn alternative form of a gene
  2. 2GeneA section of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic
  3. 3NucleotideThe repeating unit of a DNA molecule. Made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a base
  4. 4DNAA long chain molecule made up of many repeating units called monomers. The base sequence of DNA carries the instructions that make proteins
  5. 5ProteinThe building blocks of your body. Made up of long chains of amino acids. For example, proteins help break down food to release energy and they help to organise the transport of useful chemicals between cells.
  6. 6PolymerAn acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication
  7. 7Structure of DNADNA is wound up into chromosomes that come in pairs. Each may have a different version of the gene called alleles
  8. 8Structure of GeneA section of DNA that codes for a trait is called a gene
  9. 9A gene and an alleleA gene is a section of DNA that cods for a specific characteristic or condition of an organism. They may have different alleles. Alleles are different versions of the same gene
  10. 10DNA and a geneDNA is a large molecule made up of nucleotides. It "stores" the genetic code of an organism and is comprised of many genes. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic or condition of an organism.
  11. 11MitosisMitosis is a process that a cell goes through when it divides to form two new cells. It occurs in every cell in your body (except for the gametes-sperm and ova)
  12. 12Purpose of MitosisGrowth and Repair
    (create identical daughter cells)
  13. 13Key stages of Mitosis in a cell1. Chromosomes used to make proteins. Before cell division the DNA replicates and condenses into chromosomes.
    2. The DNA has condensed into chromosomes(two chromatids held together by the centromere). The nuclear membrane disappears.
    3. Chromosomes line up randomly at the cell equator. A network of fibres forms across the cell to control the division.
    4. Chromatids of each chromosome get separated by the network of fibres and are moved towards the poles.
    5. The fibre network retracts and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes start to uncoil and disappear from view.
    6. Two identical daughter cells are produced, each with a copy of the original chromosomes.
  14. 14TripletThe bases that make a gene are arranged in groups of three-called a triplet. Each triplet carries the code for a specific amino acid.
  15. 15DNA to ProteinDNA contains the instructions for linking amino acids. These amino acids fold together to make proteins. Proteins are important because they are the building blocks of our body and carry out many important functions within the body. The base sequence of DNA can be broken down into triplets (three-base sequences). Each triplet carries the code for a specific amino acid.
  16. 16DNA ReplicationThe replication if called "semi-conservative DNA duplication". This is because one half of the new DNA molecule is an intact strand from the old DNA.
  17. 17Stages of DNA Replication1. An enzyme unwinds the parent DNA strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases. This exposes the base pairs.
    2. New nucleotides are brought in. They bond with the bases on the parent DNA molecule, according to the complementary base-pairing rules.
    3. Enzymes bond the nucleotides together to form the new strand.
    4. At the end of the process, two new molecules of DNA are produced. Both are exact copies of the original molecule. Each winds up forming a helix.
  18. 18Deoxyribonucleic acidA self-replicating molecule present in nearly all living organisms, it is the main constituent of chromosomes
  19. 19Four different bases found in all DNA moleculesA (adenine) - T (thymine)
    G (guanine) - C (cytosine)
  20. 20Human body cellsHuman body cells contain 46 chromosomes. 22 pairs of these are homologous chromosomes and one pair are sex chromosomes
  21. 21Probability of the baby's genderAlways 50%. Each fertilisation event is treated as a separated statistical event
  22. 22PhenotypeAn organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics (physical characteristic)
  23. 23GenotypeAn organisms's genotype is the set of genes that is carries
  24. 24Dominant allelesThe dominant allele masks the recessive allele. Even if only one allele is expressed, it is dominant over the other and will show in the phenotype
  25. 25Recessive alleleA recessive allele will only be expressed in the phenotype if no dominant alleles are present
  26. 26HomozygousIf both alleles are the same
  27. 27HeterozygousIf the alleles are different
  28. 28Pure breedingIf an organism is 'pure breeding' it means that it is homozygous for the allele being studied
  29. 29Test CrossA test cross involves mating the organism in question with an individual that is homozygous recessive for that condition. If the recessive phenotype appears in any of the offspring then the organism in question must be heterozygous
  30. 30MutationWhen a permanent change occurs in the base sequence of DNA that may result in new alleles
  31. 31FertilisationThe unique combination of alleles in sperm and ova and the random chance of them meeting mean that an individual is born with a completely unique genotype and phenotype
  32. 32Asexual Reproduction-Needs only one parent
    -Offspring are identical to the parent and to each other and are known as clones
    -More common in plants than in animals
    For example: potatoes and strawberries
  33. 33Advantages of asexual reproduction- Relatively fast
    - Less energy required for reproduction.
    - Offspring look exactly the same and have the same genetic material as the parent.
  34. 34Disadvantages of asexual reproduction- Lack of genetic variation
    - Population may go extinct with dramatic changes in environment.
  35. 35MeiosisMeiosis is a special type of cell division that produces male and female gametes (sex cell)
  36. 36Key stages of meiosis1. Chromosomes were unwound and are being used to make proteins before the cell division.
    2. Chromosome replicate. The nuclear membrane disappears.
    3. Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the cell equator. They exchange sections of DNA by a process called "crossing over."
    4. Chromosomes get pulled apart and the parent cell begins to divide.
    5. The parent cell splits in two.
    6. Chromosomes line up in single file at the cell equator and get pulled apart.
    7. Four daughter cells are produced, each with half of the original number of chromosomes.
  37. 37Crossing OVer1. Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the cell equator.
    2. Parts of neighbouring chromosomes cross over.
    3. Crossed over sections of chromosomes (and therefore alleles) are exchanged.
    4. Because of crossing over, each gamete produced will have different combination of alleles.
  38. 38Independent AssortmentWhen homologous pairs of chromosomes line up during meiosis, they do so randomly. This means it is completely random which combination of alleles end up in a particular gamete (many possible gametes formed)
  39. 39Sexual ReproductionThe process of meiosis and mate selection result in unique combinations of alleles
  40. 40Advantage of sexual reproduction- Allows for genetic variation due to the joining of the different individuals. Population has a greater chance of surviving if the environment changes.
  41. 41Disadvantages of sexual reproduction- Less population growth
    - Relatively slow process.
    - Requires more energy in finding a mate, breeding and producing offspring.
  42. 42ZygoteFertilised ova
  43. 43Two processes that occur during the production of gametes that leads to genetic variation in the offspring- Crossing over
    - Independent assortment
  44. 44MutagenAn agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that caused by a mutagen.
  45. 45Three examples of mutagens- Chemicals
    - Ultraviolet light
    - Radiation
    (Leads to cancer)
  46. 46-Silent mutation - Beneficial mutation - Harmful mutation- A silent mutation is a mutation which has no observable effect on the organism.
    - A beneficial mutation is a mutation that gives an organism a survival advantage.
    - A harmful mutation is a mutation that effects the survival of the organism.
  47. 47Inherited Mutation and Acquired Mutation-Gametic mutation are inherited mutation. It is the mutation in gametes that are passed on from parent to children.
    -Somatic mutation are acquired. It is the mutations in body cells that are NOT passed on from parent to child.
    *Environmental damage
    *Mistakes when DNA is copied
  48. 48Mutations and Variation- Mutation creates new (Novel) traits.
    - This create genetic variation in the population and therefore assists in the survival of the species.
  49. 49Sources of VariationMeiosis:
    - Crossing over
    - Independent assortment
    - Random fertilisation
    - Mutation
  50. 50Haploid VS Diploid*Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes. Eg, Human haploid, 23.
    *Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes. Eg, Human diploid, 46

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NCEA1 Biology Fichas sobre Genetic Variation, creado por Yuexin Tie el 27/10/2015.
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Yuexin Tie
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