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Chapter 5

Gracie L Inglés 40 fichas

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  1. 1What is learning?Learning is any permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, attitude or capability and is gained through experience
  2. 2What is classical conditioning?Form of learning where an association is made between stimuluses
  3. 3What is a stimuli?Anything in the envirometn that one responds to
  4. 4How did Pavlov study classical conditioning?He studied the involuntary reflex of salivating when presented with food
  5. 5What are reflexes? List 3 examplesAn automatic response to stimuli that is not learned. Ex: breathing, coughing, blinking, sucking, swallowing
  6. 6What is the difference between and unconditioned and conditioned reflex?An unconditioned reflex is an involuntary reaction to a stimulus
    A conditioned reflex is a learned involuntary reaction to a stimulus
  7. 7What is an unconditioned response (UR)? Give examplesAn automatic, unlearned response to a US. EX: tears, sweating
  8. 8What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)? Give examplesA stimulus that creates a UR. EX: onion juice, heat
  9. 9What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)? Give examplesA stimulus that was neutral, but after pairing with US, creates CR. EX: hearing a tone indicates your phone rang or you will be fed
  10. 10What is a conditioned response (CR)? Give examplesA learned response to a CS. EX: hearing a tone and knowing you will be fed will create a salvitory response
  11. 11What is extinction?When a learned response is weakened and eventually disappears, happens if conditioned stimulus is presented without unconditioned stimulus
  12. 12What is spontaneous recovery?Happens when a conditioned stimulus is presented again after extinction and a conditioned response reappears
  13. 13What is generalization?A conditioned response to stimulus that is like the original conditioned stimulus. Ex: develop a fear of dogs after one dog bit you
  14. 14What is discrimination?Being able to distinguish between similar stimuli so you only have a conditioned response to the original conditioned stimulus. EX: knowing the difference between a poisonous snake and a garter snake
  15. 15How did the Little Albert experiment prove that fear could be classically conditioned? What was the US, UR, CS and CR?Little Albert was taught to fear a white rat because a loud sound was made every time he went near it. The US was the sounds, the UR was fear, the CS was the white rat and the CR was feat.
  16. 16What are the four factors that influence classical conditioning?1. # of pairings between CS and US (more pairs, stronger response)
    2 Intensity of US (more intense will create stronger responses)
    3. How reliably the CS predicts US (if false alarms happen often, less of chance of fear)
    4. Temporal relationship between CS and US (CS should happen shortly before US)
  17. 17What are todays contemporary views on classical conditioning?Biological Predisposition - humans fear stimuli that can harm, so how does biology help in forming CR's
    Cognitive Perspective - The critical element is whether a CS allows a reliable prediciton of a US
  18. 18What are some examples of classical conditiong in life?- Fear responses: result of classical conditioning. Fearing dentists after bad prcedure and genralizing your fear to the whole building
    - Drug use: enviromental cues can become a CS so they produce a CR of drug craving
    - Advertising: pairing things we like to products
  19. 19What is operant conditiong?It is conditioning voluntary responses. Consequences tend to modify future responses
    ex: rewarded behaviour would continue while unrewarded behaviour would stop
  20. 20What was Skinner's belief on reinforcers?He thought that reinforced behaviour would likely continue and reinforcers are rewards that would increase responses
  21. 21What is shaping?Gradually molding to get the desired behaviour, so you might reward close attempts as well
  22. 22What is superstitous behaviour?Basically superstitions, believing there is a connection between a consequence and an action
  23. 23What is extinction?When reinforcers are withheld and behaviour may go away
  24. 24What is positive reinforcement?any positive consequence following a response, increase odds of response being repeated
  25. 25What is negative reinforcement?when an unpleasant stimulus ends after a response (turning on AC to make it cooler)
  26. 26What are primary reinforcers?reinforcers that fulfull a basic need
  27. 27what are secondary reinforcers?learned by association with other reinforcers
  28. 28what is continous reinforcment?always reinforcing every correct response. most effective method
  29. 29what is artial reinforcment?some correct responses are reifnorced. follows schedules of reinforcment
  30. 30what are the four schedules of reinforcement?1. Fixed ratio - reinforcment after fixed number of responses
    2. Variable ratio - reinforcement is given after a varying number of responses
    3. Fixed interval - after a specific amount of time passes
    4. Variable interval - after a varying amount of time passes
  31. 31What are the 3 factors that influence operant conditioning?1. magintude of reinforcemnt - bigger incentive = better responses
    2. immedicay of reinforcment - quicker the reinforce is = better condtioned response
    3. level of motivation - highly motivates means you learn faster
  32. 32What is punishment?The opposite of reinforcment. remove good stimulus and replace with a bad one. should be done immediatly but only give minimum neccessary
  33. 33What is escape learning?Behviour stps an averse event (taking an advil for a headache)
  34. 34What is avoidance learning?avoiding events assocaited with bad outcomes
  35. 35what is learned helplessnesslearnd response of passivly allowing something to happen in averse condtions. don't do anything to stop it
  36. 36what is behvaiour modification?changing behaviour based on classical, operant or cognitive learning
  37. 37what is and what are some examples of token economy?Token economy is enforcing socilly desriable behvaiours through tokens, think arcades, reward charts
  38. 38what are some exampkes of behaviour modification in psychology and business?In psychology you might use behviours therapy toovercome phobias or addictions. In business you might use commission to increase profits and incentivise empoyees
  39. 39what is cognitive learning?learning by observing and immitating behviours
  40. 40—

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Fichas sobre Chapter 5, creado por Gracie L el 08/04/2025.
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Gracie L
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