Fichas
Conservation Final
Fichas del conjunto (57)
- 1What are the 5 main threats to nature?1) Habitat loss/degradation
2) Over-exploitation
3) Invasive species
4) Climate change
5) Nitrogen deposition - 2How is it that we can use more resources than are being supplied? Is this sustainable?We can do this by drawing down the capital (for a while). This is not sustainable.
- 3What is the significance of Kuznet's curve? (Env. degredation vs. Per-capita income)Initially, with increased income in a country, there will also be increased consumption, pollution, etc.
But society will reach an env. turning point with increased wealth where env. degradation lessened - 4What is the role of conservation science?To determine how human disturbances are affecting natural systems, and to predict future impacts.
- 5What did Aldo Leopold propose?That biota as a whole is useful including plants, animals, soils and waters (The evolutionary-ecological land ethic)
- 6A group of individuals who are morphologically, physiologically, or biologically distinct from other groups by some important characteristic are species as defined byThe morphological species definition
- 7Which species definition gives you the highest count of species?Phylogenetic species definition
- 8Why may a species have been given more than one name? Is this a problem?Large ranges, habitat generalists, intra-specific variation, poor communication, poor reference specimens.
This can mask conservation efforts. - 9What are some advantages of conserving at the ecosystem level over species level?Protects genetic diversity, landscape, services, blanket coverage of all species in the ecosystem
- 10What are LMEs/ what are they characterized by?Large marine ecosystems: distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, trophically dependent populations
- 11What is one major problem with the way conservation funding is spent right now?600$mil/6$bil spent on developing countries where greatest diversity/threats are.
- 12What are concerns of local extinctions?1) Loss of unique genetic material
2) Impacts and management often occur at the population level
3) Disappearance of population precedes global extinction - 13Why is the assumption that "commercially extinct" species are safe from threat not always true?Exploitation =>rarity=>higher value
- 14When comparing plants, fish, and birds, plants and fish see an increase in species richness over birds. Why?Plants: easily transported ex: agriculture
-may not have saturated niches
Larger extinction debt?
Fish: Easy to disperse
undersaturated niches
Birds: already dispersed, sat. niches - 15Why is the increase in species diversity for plants and fish greater on the island than on the mainland?Island niches were likely undersaturated for both. Since it is hard to disperse there, once they got there, likely lots of resources etc
- 16What are the assumptions of the species-area curve?1) Habitat loss instantaneously eliminates species
2) Habitats are lost
3) Habitat loss is random with respect to species richness and habitat quality
4)Individual vs the whole
5) Extinction rates unaffected by fragm.
6) There are no other threats. - 17What does discrete population growth assume?1) Seasonal matings
2) Birth/death rates are constant (thus, population will increase or decrease by the same growth factor each year) - 18What does the continuous population growth model assume?1) Closed population
2) Constant birth/death rates
3) No age or size structure - 19What are assumptions of the logistic growth model?1) Linear density dependence on vital rates
2) Decline in per-capita growth rate as density increases
3) No stochasiticty
4) All individuals are equal - 20What are allee effects?When the survival and reproductive success of each individual increases as the population size increases (up to a point)
(or vice versa) - 21Why is determining population size so challenging?1) Expensive to monitor
2) Time consuming: lots of data required
3) Biological challenges like detectability, mobility, wide-ranging species, non-uniform distributions - 22What are confounding effects when determining population estimates?Temporal, spatial, technological, individual ability
(if the index changes over time and space, you don't know if you're seeing real changes in abundance or just that relationship) - 23What are common techniques used for abundance estimates?Distance sampling, double sampling, multiple observers, mark recapture
- 24What does the mark-recapture technique assume?Closed population, all indv have an equal probability of being captured, no effect of marks, mixing of population, marks are not lost
- 25What do simple matrix models assume?Density independence
No demographic or environmental stochasticity
Population has reached an equilibrium (stable age or stage) - 26What do PVAs depend on?Current population size
Variability
Long-term trends - 27What are debt-for-nature swaps?When large NGOs pay off a country's partial debt in exchange for the creation/maintenance of PAs
(ex: equador) - 28Why may diversity in protected areas be inadequate?-park location
-amount of park use
-not enough/lack of new ones
-illegality within parks - 29Why do parks require intensive costs/management?-maintaining park populations
-invasive sp, pollutants, fire, climate change
-enforcement against illegal activities
-costs for staff, monitoring, science, etc - 30How can we improve PAs?-strategic placement
-fix paper parks: enforcement, management
-community-based management
-research if park is effective - 31What does conservation decision science encompass?Ecological data and decision theory
- 32What is the equation for cost effectiveness?CE = (W x B x F)/C
B=benefits of project (Pa-Po)
F= feasibility of project
C= project costs
W= species value
(greater CE = greater cost effectiveness) - 33What makes large carnivores vulnerable?-high trophic level (= low N)
-slow life history
-large area requirements (edge effects!)
-competition with humans
-data deficient - 34What are threats to carnivores right now?-habitat loss
-overhunting
-prey depletion
-climate change
-disease
-small population problems - 35Why are invasive species a problem despite the fact that only 1/1000 of introduced species become invasive?-large numbers are introduced
-time lag between movement of species and onset of problems
-the 1/1000 estimate could be low if we are not accounting for all negative effects a species could be having - 36Propagule pressureHow many individuals are introduced and how often
- 37What effects do non-native species have on communities?1) Extinction of natives
2) Dilution and competition
3) Biotic homogenization (beta diversity)
4) Alteration of ecosystem processes and services - 38What are some common economic costs associated with invasive species?-reduction in agricultural productivity
-forest damage
-clog water intakes
-choke waterways
-Health (introduced diseases) - 39What are some problems with maximum sustainable yield?-lack of data on N
-selectivity of age
-'fishing down the food web'
-fishing food that are prey for other species
-Natural population fluctuations
-single species vs multispecies - 40What are some assumptions of the constant quota harvest equation?-Linear d.d.
-no stochasticity
-no population structure
-Perfectly accurate knowledge of r, K and N - 41What are some problems with proportional harvest-tough sell to fisheries
-hard to keep effort constant over time
-enviornmental stochasticity - 42Why is catch data not a good choice for estimating population numbers?-catch data is often lumped and thus species declines can be masked
-does not inform us about populations
-also cannot distinguish between plummeting population and restricted quota - 43Why would recovery of fisheries be a win-win?Because we would have larger populations of fish and therefore more successful and profitable fisheries
- 44Why are sharks vulnerable?-long time to sexual maturity
-few young (slow pop growth)
-large body size
-since population growth rate is low, not a lot of excess to take
-escalating demand (fins!) - 45What are challenges to shark conservation?-data limited
-wide ranging species inc. high seas
-incidental catches - 46What are 3 ideas for shark conservation?1) Research, education
2) Reducing supply
3) Reducing demand - 47What were 3 ideas to implement forest restoration in Kibale national park?-Fire barriers
-Planting trees
-Dispersers (legacy trees) - 48What affect did legacy trees have in the forests of Kibale?-more tree stems underneath
-more species of trees growing underneath
-had trees which can only be dispersed by one species
(recruit animal dispersed, large seeded, and late-successional trees) - 49Why did heavily logged areas not grow back as quickly as lightly logged areas in Kibale?-large canopy gaps
-aggressive shrubs/vines
-decreased soil quality
-lack of dispersers
-disease/pathogens - 50What are some recent management solutions for shark conservation?-Shark ecotourism
-Shark sanctuaries
-shark-finning bans
-New CITES listings - 51What are some major processes for reducing shark demand?Peer education, outspoken Chinese celebrities
Major corporations banning shark fin soup
Small community initiatives - 52What are benefits symbiotic algae provide to the corals?1) Productivity
2) Provision of O2
3) Nutrient recycling - 53What are benefits that corals provide to symbiotic algae?1) Protection from predators
2) Regulation of env
3) Nutrient recycling
4) Provision of CO2 - 54What role do reef fish play in maintaining the reef?-graze at macroalgae
-positive relationship between parrotfish and amount of algae grazed - 55What is coral bleaching a direct result of?Increase in water temperature
- 56What may the coral bleaching event of 2015 allow us to discover?Based on the species that survive, we may be able to discover which types of coral are most robust. We may find that surviving species have a certain symbiotic algae composition.
- 57What may the future of conservation depend on?-Better at conveying our successes
-Help people reconnect with nature in an urbanized world
-involve more groups of people
-partner up with businesses and corporations
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- University Conservation Fichas sobre Conservation Final, creado por Melanie Horne el 28/11/2015.
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- Melanie Horne
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