Fichas
Perception 2
Fichas del conjunto (20)
- 1The Gestalt school - against structuralismWertheimer
Kohler
Koffka - 2Principles of perceptual organizationThe whole is greater than the sum of its parts - Gestalt
Law of Pragnanz
Unseen environment easily predictable - 3Proximitythings that are close together are perceived together and vice versa
- 4SimilarityThings are look alike are grouped together e.g. row or triangles and row of circles
Similarity may override proximity - 5Good continuationdifferent objects may be perceived as together if the continuity is good
- 6Closureseveral surrounding figures may form a closed shape
constellations are grouped well by continuation and closure - 7Assessment of Gestalt principleswhat is a good or simple shape
- 8Gestalt - camouflage theories1. Background pattern matching
2. Disruptive colouration
Disruptive colouration was found to be more effective of the two (Cuthill et al. 2005) - 9Marr's (1982) - Computational theoryPrimal Sketch - 2D properties transformed into basic shapes e.g. lines, edges, blobs
2.5D sketch - orientation and depth explicit, from the viewpoint of observer
3D model representations - creates visual shapes belonging to an object independent of position or orientation on the retina - 10Biederman's (1987) - Recognition by components theoryallows for more complex forms than basic cylinders
objects consist of basic shape components known as geons - 11Invariant properties of edgesCurvature
Parallel
Co-termination
Symmetry
Co-linearity - 12from geons to objectsobjects are defined as relationships between geons
36 geons = 30,000 readily discriminable objects
Object recognition only requires edges - 13Finke, Pinker & Farah (1989)letter rotation - letter addition - formation of a new object
- 141.Propositional, and 2. Analogical representations1. Occurs in abstract form and captures conceptual content e.g. writing - linguistic
2. Closer to the world, with the structure that resembles the thing that is being represented e.g. diagram - pictorial - 15Shepard and Metzler (1971) - Mental rotation (Procedure and stimuli)Procedure: are these 2 figures same shape? - left lever if yes, right level if no
Stimuli: Pair A - Rotated in Picture Plane
Pair B - Rotated in Depth
Pair C - cannot be rotated to congruence
For Type A and B rotation can vary from 0 to 180 degrees - 16Mental rotation resultswith practice easy to do
doesn't matter whether rotation is in depth or in 2D plane
time to answer is a linear function of angular rotation required (60 degrees/s) - 17Kosslyn, Ball & Reisser (1978) - Mental scanninglearn the map with 7 locations - particular location - imagine a black speck moving from one location to the other - press a button when arrived - 21 possible pairs of locations were recorded
- 18Mental scanning resultsreaction time was a linear function of actual distance
people were visually scanning the image
key is distance, not number of objects between
support for a depictive (analogical) rather than a Propositional account - 19Pylyshyn (1973) - argument against mental scanning and imageryimportant info can be forgotten
transition between verbal and non-verbal codes
mental rotation could occur through propositional code - 20Kosslyn’s Computational Model of ImageryA space with limited extent
High central resolution
A grain that obscures small detail
The image fades after generation