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Communicable Diseases - definitions

Isra Khan Biology AS - Level Inglés 40 fichas

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  1. 1pathogena microorganism that causes disease
  2. 2direct transmissionpassing a pathogen from host to new host, with no intermediary
  3. 3indirect transmissionpassing a pathogen from host to host via a vector
  4. 4transmissionpassing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
  5. 5vectoran organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another
  6. 6callosea large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old phloem sieve tubes.
  7. 7cankera sunken necrotic lesion in the woody tissue such as the main stem or branch. causes the death of the cambium tissue in the bark
  8. 8inflammationswelling and redness of tissue caused by infection
  9. 9mucous membranespecialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucus
  10. 10primary defencesthose that prevent pathogens from entering the body (e.g. skin, blood clotting)
  11. 11antigena membrane-bound protein/glycoprotein on a pathogen with which the pathogen is recognised as foreign
  12. 12antigen-presenting cella cell that isolates the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so that it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system
  13. 13clonal selectionselection of a specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen
  14. 14cytokineshormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response
  15. 15neutrophila type of WBC that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large vacuole called a phagosome
  16. 16opsonins/opsonisationa group of antibodies that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then act as binding sites so phagocytes can bind and destroy easily
  17. 17agglutinins/agglitunationantibodies which clump pathogens together by attaching one on each (identical) binding site. when many antibodies perform crosslinking they agglutinate pathogens.
  18. 18(action of) anti-toxinsantibodies which bind to molecules released by pathogenic cell. those of which are toxic (if so) are rendered harmless
  19. 19antibodiesspecific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens
  20. 20B/T memory cellscells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity. act as the immunological memory
  21. 21clonal expansionan increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division
  22. 22interleukinssignalling molecules that are used to communicate between different WBCs
  23. 23plasma cellsderived from B cells. circulate in the blood. manufacture and release antibodies
  24. 24T helper cellscells that release cytokines (chemical messengers) that stimulate the B cells to develop and stimulate phagocytosis by the phagocytes (stimulate the immune response)
  25. 25T killer cellscells that attack and destroy host-body cells that are infected by a pathogen (and display the foreign antigen)
  26. 26T regulator cellscells that are involved with inhibiting or ending the immune response after the pathogen has been successfully removed. also involved in preventing autoimmunity
  27. 27primary immune responseINITIAL RESPONSE CAUSED BY A FIRST INFECTION.
    the period in which antibodies are being produced by the immune system in response to when an infecting agent is first detected. Before the number (in the blood) reaches a level which can combat the infection easily.
  28. 28secondary immune responseA MORE RAPID AND VIGOROUS RESPONSE CAUSED BY A 2ND OR SUBSEQUENCE INFECTION BY THE SAME PATHOGEN
    the antibodies must be made again. B/T mem cells remain in the blood and can recognise the specific antigens, making the immune system respond faster and the production of antibodies is much faster and rapid, rising sooner to a higher conc. (usually quick enough to prevent symptom detection by host)
  29. 29active immunitythe immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies
  30. 30natural immunityachieved through normal life processes. immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies
  31. 31artificial immunityimmunity achieved through medical intervention
  32. 32natural immunity + passive immunityimmunity achieved through normal life processes
    +
    immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection
  33. 33vaccinationa way of stimulating an immune response so that immunity is achieved to specific diseases. created by deliberate exposure to antigenic material that has been rendered harmless. usually injected but can be taken orally.
  34. 34Natural Active ImmunityImmunity provided by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of infection. A person suffers from the disease once and is then immune (e.g. chickenpox)
  35. 35Artificial Active ImmunityImmunity provided by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of vaccination. Injected w/ a weakened/dead/similar pathogen or w antigens, activating his/her immune system (e.g. immunity to TB and influenza)
  36. 36Natural Passive ImmunityAntibodies provided via the placenta or breast milk. Makes baby immune to diseases mother is immune to. V useful in the 1st year, when developing.
  37. 37Artificial Passive ImmunityImmunity provided by injection of antibodies made by another individual (e.g. Hep A and B). Tetanus can also be treated this way when vaccination using a toxoid has not worked well.
  38. 38antibioticchemical preventing the growth of microorganisms. can be antibacterial or antifungal
  39. 39synthetic biologyre-engineering of biology.
    E.g.1 production of new mols e.g. enzymes that mimic biological systems
    E.g. 2 designing and constructing new devices & systems that may be useful in research, healthcare, or manufacturing, e.g. developing tomatoes w/ anthocyanin (antioxidants that help and protect against coronary heart disease)
  40. 40personalised medicinedevelopment of designer medicines for individuals. in the development of sequencing tech and molecular modelling (can currently screen genomes of plants/microorganisms to identify potential medicinal compounds from DNA sequences.),
    may be poss to sequence genomes from individuals w particular condition to develop specific drugs for the condition in the future (personalised medicine).

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AS - Level (key words) Biology Fichas sobre Communicable Diseases - definitions, creado por Isra Khan el 11/03/2017.
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Isra Khan
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