Fichas
anatomy
Fichas del conjunto (28)
- 1—
- 2-The left lung is slightly smaller than the right – this is due to the presence of the heart. -Apex of lung: above the level of the 1st rib and into the floor of the neck.- fissures within the lung separate their lobes from each other.
-Surfaces of lung – each corresponding to an area of the thorax.
they're 3 surfaces:
costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic. - 3-fissures in both lungs: right lung: 2 fissures: horizontal. oblique.left lung:
one fissure: oblique. - 4-lingula of left lung a small projection from the lower portion of the upper lobe of the left lung.
- 5-cardiac notch: below 4th costal cartilage. -lung hilum present in mediastinal surface.*The right bronchus has a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation due to its wider shape and more vertical course.
- 6-Each bronchus enters the root of the lung, passing through the hilum. Inside the lung, (right and left bronchi)they divide to form lobar bronchi – one supplying each lobe.*bronchopulmonary segment – the functional units of the lungs.
-Each lobar bronchus then further divides into several tertiary segmental bronchi. Each segmental bronchi provides air to a bronchopulmonary segment. - 7-Each terminal bronchiole gives off respiratory bronchioles, which feature thin walled outpocketings that extend from their lumens. These are the alveoli.bronchopulmonary segments:
in left lung: upper lobe:5 segmants.
lower lobe:5 segments. - 8in right lung: upper lobe: 3 segmants. middle lobe: 2 segments. lower lobe: 5 segments. **so there's about 10 segments in each lung.(secondary bronchi)-deoxygenated blood by the paired pulmonary arteries.
-Once the blood has received oxygenation, it leaves the lungs via four pulmonary veins (two for each lung). - 9*bronchial arteries, which arise from the descending aorta, supply bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura and supporting lung tissues.bronchial veins provide venous drainage of lung.
there's two bronchial veins:
1/right bronchial vein.
2/left bronchial vein. - 10right bronchial vein drains into the azygos vein, whilst the left drains into the accessory hemiazygos vein. because azygos exist in right relations of lung.*pulmonary plexuses innervate lungs.
-pulmonary plexuses consist of:
sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres. - 11-Parasympathetic: Derived from the vagus nerve. They stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels.-Sympathetic: Derived from the sympathetic trunks.
They stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels. - 12*the effect of sympathetic nerves on smooth muscle of bronhi is contrast to that(smooth muscle)of pulmonary vessels.-Visceral afferent: pain sensors.
Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve. - 13-pulmonary embolism: refers to the obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body. The most common emboli are: 1/Thrombus – responsible for the majority of cases and usually arises in a distant vein. 2/Fat – following a bone fracture or العظامorthopaedic surgery. 3/Air – following cannulation(intubation) in the neck.The effect of a pulmonary embolism is:
* a reduction in lung perfusion.
This results in decreased blood oxygenation, and the accumulation of blood in the right ventricle of the heart. - 14-Clinical features include: dyspnoea, chest pain, cough, haemoptysis and tachypnoea.*treatment involves:
anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy. This reduces the size of the embolus, and prevents further clotting. - 15-pulmonary plexus: An autonomic nerve plexus extending from the cardiac plexus into the lungs along the right and left pulmonary arteries. Parasympathetic axons come from the vagus nerves, and sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk. Axons from the pulmonary plexus follow the bronchi and the bronchial vessels and provide the autonomic innervation inside the lungs.**In clinical medicine, the Wells’ score is used to assess the probability of PE.
-PE: pulmonary embolism. - 16-pleurae permit efficient and effortless respiration. -serous membrane: is a layer of mesothelial cells, supported by connective tissue.-two parts of pleurae are continuous with each other at the hilum of each lung.
-Parietal Pleura s thicker than the visceral pleura, and can be subdivided according to the part of the body that it is contact with. - 17parietal pleura has 4 subdividings: 1/Mediastinal pleura. 2/Cervical pleura. 3/Costal pleura. 4/Diaphragmatic pleura
- 18-visceral pleura extends into the interlobar fissures. -Pleural Cavity contains a small volume of serous fluid.serous fluid has two major functions:
1/It lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae, allowing them to slide over each other.
2/ produces a surface tension, pulling the parietal and visceral pleura together outward allowing the lung to expand. - 19-if air enters the pleural cavity, this surface tension is lost – a condition known as pneumothorax. -the pleural cavity is not completely filled by the lungs. This gives rise to recesses – where the opposing surfaces of the parietal pleura touch.-There are two recesses present in each pleural cavity:
1/Costodiaphragmatic.
2/Costomediastinal.
These recesses are of clinical importance, as they provide a location where fluid can collect (such as in a pleural effusion). - 20**The two parts of the pleurae receive a different neurovascular supply. -parietal pleura is sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature, while visceral pleura is not sensitive to pain, temperature or touch.- parietal pleura:
-produces a well localised pain
- is innervated by the phrenic and intercostal nerves.
-The blood supply is derived from the intercostal arteries. - 21-pulmonary plexus= a network of nerves derived from the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve. *visceral pleura sensory fibres only detect stretch.-Visceral Pleura receives autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus.
-supply is via the bronchial arteries. - 22*bronchial arteries (branches of the descending aorta), supply the parenchyma of the lungs, as well as visceral pleura.-A pneumothorax (commonly referred to a collapsed lung) occurs when air or gas is present within the pleural space. This removes the surface tension of the serous fluid present in the space, reducing lung extension.
- 23pneumothorax; Clinical features include: chest pain, and shortness of breath, and asymmetrical chest expansion. ** Upon percussion, the affected side may be hyper-resonant (due to excess air within the chest).-two main classes of pneumothorax: spontaneous and traumatic.
-spontaneous pneumothorax:
occurs without a specific cause. It is sub-divided into primary (no underlying respiratory disease) and secondary (underlying respiratory disease present). - 24-traumatic pneumothorax: occurs as a result of blunt or penetrating chest trauma, such as a rib fracture (often seen in road traffic collisions).-Primary pneumothoraces tend to be small and generally require minimal intervention,
whereas
secondary and traumatic pneumothoraces may require decompression to remove the extra air in order for the lung to reinflate. - 25-Pleura is made up of what type of epithelium? Simple squamous epithelium.-Air inside the pleura describes what condition?
Pneumothorax. - 26-The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles form the tracheobronchial tree – a system of airways that allow passage of air into the lungs.-trachea arises at the lower border of cricoid cartilage in the neck, as a continuation of the larynx.
- 27*carina: [the point where trachea bifurcate] -bifurcating occur at the level of the sternal angle (forming the right and left main bronchi).-trachea is located anteriorly to the oesophagus, and يميل inclines slightly to the right.
- 28—
Información
- Descripción
- Fichas sobre anatomy, creado por alice zoldiac el 09/05/2018.
- Creado por
- alice zoldiac
- Visitas
- 1
- Valoración