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Cardiorespiratory

Erin Dunn Anatomy Undergraduate first year Inglés 108 fichas

Cardiorespiratory

Fichas del conjunto (108)

  1. 1Which lung is smaller and why?The left lung is a little smaller than the right lung because it shares space in the left side of the chest with the heart
  2. 2What does each lung consist of? (5)Apex: The blunt superior end of the lung. It projects upwards about the level of the first rib and into the floor of the neck
    Base: The inferior surface of the lung which sits on the diaphragm
    Lobes (2 or 3): These are separated by fissures
    Surfaces (3): These correspond to the area of the thorax they face - costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic
    Borders: The edges of the lung named the anterior, posterior and inferior borders
  3. 3Describe the structure of the right lung?There are three lobes: The superior, inferior and middle
    They are separated by -
    - Oblique fissure: Runs from inferior border of the lung in a superoposteriar direction until it meets the posterior lung border
    - Horizontal fissure: Runs from sternum horizontally at the level of 4th rib to meet to oblique fissure
  4. 4Describe the structure of the left lung?- Two lobes: Superior and inferior
    - They are separated by an oblique fissure
  5. 5Which lung is this? What are the different lobes? What is the label?1. Right
    2. Yellow is superior, blue is inferior, green is middle
    3. Horizontal fissure    Which lung is this? What are the different lobes? What is the label?
  6. 6Which lung is this? What are the different lobes? What are the labels?1. Left
    2. Yellow is superior, blue is inferior
    3. Top is the Hilum, Bottom is the Oblique fissure    Which lung is this? What are the different lobes? What are the labels?
  7. 7Describe the mediastinal surface of the lung?- Faces the lateral aspect of the middle mediastinum
    - The lung hilum is located on this surface
  8. 8Describe the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?- On the base of the lung
    - Rests of the dome of the diaphragm and has a concave shape
    - This concavity is deeper in the right lung due to the higher position of the right dome overlying the liver
  9. 9Describe the costal surface of the lung?- Smooth and convex
    - It faces the internal surface of the chest wall
    - Is related to the costal pleura which separates in from the ribs and the innermost intercostals
  10. 10Describe the anterior border of the lung?Formed by the convergence of the costal and the mediastinal surfaces
    On the left lung the anterior border is marked by a deep notch created by the apex of the heart and this is known as the cardiac notch
  11. 11Describe the inferior border of the lung?Separates the base of the lung from the costal and the mediastinal surfaces
  12. 12Describe the posterior border of the lung?Smooth and rounded formed by costal and mediastinal meeting posteriorly
  13. 13What surface is this? What are the borders?Mediastinal
    Anterior
    Posterior
    Inferior    What surface is this? What are the borders?
  14. 14What is the lung root?A collection of structures that suspends the lung from the mediastinum
    Each root contains:
    - A bronchus
    - Pulmonary artery
    - Two pulmonary veins
    - Bronchial vessels
    - Pulmonary plexus of nerves
    - Lymphatic vessels
  15. 15What is the Hilum?A wedge shape area on the mediastinal surface of the lung where structure enter and leave the lung
  16. 16What is the pleural cavity?The thin fluid filled space between two pulmonary pleurae
  17. 17What is a pleura?A serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two layered membranous sac
  18. 18What are the pleura?Visceral: Inner membrane that covers the surface of each lung and dips into the fissures between the lobes
    Parietal: Outer membrane that is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. It also separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum
  19. 19What is the order of the bronchial tree?Trachea
    Main bronchus
    Lobar bronchi
    Segmental bronchi
    Terminal bronchioles
    Respiratory bronchioles
    Alveoli
  20. 20Where are the nerves of the lungs supplied from?The pulmonary plexus
  21. 21What are the three main nerves fibres of the lungs?Parasympathetic
    Sympathetic
    Visceral afferent
  22. 22Describe the parasympathetic nerve fibres?- Derived from the vagus nerve
    - Stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands
    - Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels
  23. 23Describe the sympathetic nerve fibres?- Derived from the sympathetic trunks
    - They stimulate the relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels
  24. 24Describe the visceral afferent nerve fibres?Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve
  25. 25Which bronchus descends more vertically?Right main bronchus
  26. 26Where does the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi?At the carina at the level of the sternal angle
  27. 27Describe the trachea?Held open by C shaped rings, the free ends of these rings are supported by the tracheal muscle
  28. 28What type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi?Ciliated, pseudostratefied, columnar epithelium also known as respiratory epithelium
  29. 29Which nerves carry sensation from the parietal and visceral pleura?The parietal pleura lines the inside of the thoracic wall and is supplied by the same nerves as the tissue of the thoracic wall; spinal nerves T1 to T12
    The visceral pleural covers the surface of the lung and is supplied by the same nerves as the lung; the vagus and the sympathetic
  30. 30What is a bronchopulmonary segment?It has a feeding artery and bronchus which run together through the centre of the segment and repeatedly branch to all parts of the segment
    The veins which drain the segment run on the surface rather than through the centre
    The ten segments are on each side are separated by layers of connective tissue and tissues
    Each sedation is anatomically and functionally separate and influences how disease spreads
  31. 31What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?- Main bronchus
    - Pulmonary artery
    - Two pulmonary veins
    - Bronchial artery
    - Lymphatic vessels
    - Braches of the vagus and sympathetic nerves
  32. 32How does contraction of the diaphragm assist in returning blood to the heart?Contraction of the diaphragm decreases intra-thoracic pressure and increases intra-abdominal pressure
    The net effect is for blood to flow from the abdomen to the chest
  33. 33What is the sensory and motor nerve supply to the diaphragm?Both from the phrenic nerve which arises from the diaphragm at C3, C4 and C5
  34. 34What is the surface markings of the lowest extent of the lungs?At the mid clavicular line to the lowest part of the lung lies at the tip of the 6th rib, at the mid-axillary line the 8th rib and posteriorly the 10th rib
  35. 35What is intercostal recession?When a patient is having difficulty taking a breath and is having to create a very negative pressure in the thorax the intercostal muscles get sucked in
  36. 36Where would you find the phrenic nerves?Under the mediastinal pleura running downwards anterior to the hilum of the lung and towards the down of the diaphragm
    On the right it runs adjacent to the right t brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava
    On the left it under over the arch of the aorta and along the lateral side of the pericardium
  37. 37What nerve is posterior to the phrenic nerve?The vagus nerve
  38. 38Describe the vagus nerve?Cranial nerve X
    The VGN passes behind the root of the lung to join the oesophagus which follows into the abdomen
    As it passes over the aortic arch it divides off to give the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  39. 39What are the following? : Green Yellow PurpleGreen: common carotid artery
    Yellow: subclavian artery
    Purple: Brachiocephalic artery    What are the following? : Green Yellow Purple
  40. 40Which side of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery on?Right
  41. 41What side of the heart does blood enter via the vena cava?Right
  42. 42What side of the body do you find the heart?Central but slightly left
  43. 43What are the three limbs of the aorta?Left common carotid
    Left subclavian
    Brachiocephalic
  44. 44Describe the pulmonary arteries?- Receive blood from right ventricle
    - Separated via pulmonary valve
    - Trunk is located anteriorly
    - Overlaps with the root of aorta
    - Around T5 -T6 it splits into the right and left pulmonary parties
    - Left and right both bifurcate to supply the different lobes of the lung
    -
  45. 45Describe the pulmonary veins?- Deliver blood back to heart so it can be pumped around the body
    - Four pulmonary veins with one superior and inferior for each lung
    - They drain into left atrium on the posterior sinus
    - Oblique pericardial sinus can be found between the left and the right veins
  46. 46How is the superior vena cava formed?Merging of the brachiocephalic veins travelling inferiorly through the thoracic region
    until draining into the superior portion of the right atrium at the level of the 3rd rib
  47. 47How is the inferior vena cava formed?Initially fuming in the pelvis by the common iliac veins joining together
    Travels through the abdomen collecting blood from the hepatic, lumbar, gonadal, renal and phrenic veins
  48. 48Describe the diaphragm?- Supplied by the phrenic nerve (motor and sensory)
    - Non contracting central tendon
    - Peripheral muscle fibres
  49. 49What the the following structures 1. 2. 3. 4.1. Apex of the lung above medial end of the clavicle
    2. Medial border of lung running along the right sternal edge
    3. Medial border of the lung slightly lateral to the sternal edge
    4. Lower extent of the lung 6th rib anteriorly, 8th rib mid axillary line and 10th rib posteriorly    What the the following structures 1. 2. 3. 4.
  50. 50What is the developmental significance of the ligamental arteriosum?It is remnant of the shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
    The shunt carries all of the blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta before the lungs have developed and most of the blood after they have developed
    Closes at birth so that the right ventricular blood passes through the lungs
  51. 51What are the main branches of the left common carotid artery and what do they supply?1. Internal carotid: most of the cerebral hemispheres
    2. External: Left side of the face and head
  52. 52What is thisLigamentum arteriosum which is a remnant of the ductus arteriosusWhat is this
  53. 53What are the main branches of the left subclavian artery?1. Vertebral: Cerebellum, brainstem, occipital lobe and the interior temporal lobe
    2. Thyro-cervical: Thyroid gland and neck
    3. Axillary: Upper limb
  54. 54What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve? What is the clinical relavence?C3, C4 and C5
    Painful diseases affecting the diaphragm are felt by the patient in the side of the neck and onto the shoulder top which is the dermatome supplied by C3, C4 and C5
  55. 55What is a dermatome?A strip of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve
  56. 56What structures are supplied by the Vagus nerve?1. Pharynx
    2. Larynx
    3. Heart
    4. Lungs
    5. Fore gut
    6. Mid gut
  57. 57Is the vagus nerve sympathetic or parasympathetic?Parasympathetic
  58. 58What are the 8 vessels that connect the heart to other structures?Aorta , pulmonary artery, four pulmonary veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
  59. 59What is the surface marking for the apex of the heart?5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line
  60. 60How may fibrous pericardium contribute to a reduction in ventricular filledFibrous tissue is resistant to stretching and so restricts the maximum end diastolic volume
    Diseases which take up volume in the pericardial sac will reduce diastolic filling and therefore reduce stroke volume
    Slow progression diseases can stretch pericardium
  61. 61What are the two types of pericardium?Fibrous pericardium: made of thick connective tissue and is attached to diaphragm
    Serous
  62. 62What does the left coronary artery branch to form?Left marginal artery
    Left anterior descending
  63. 63What is the coronary sulcus?The atrioventricular groove runs transversely around the heart representing the wall dividing the atria from the ventricles
  64. 64What are the anterior and posterior sulci?The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci can be found running vertically on their respective sides of the heart
  65. 65What is a pericardial sinus and what are they?Pericardial sinuses are not the same as anatomical sinuses, they are passageways formed the unique way the pericardium folds around the great vessels
    1. Oblique pericardial sinus
    2. Transverse pericardial sinus
  66. 66Describe the oblique pericardial sinus?A blind ending passageway which is located on the posterior surface of the heart
  67. 67What is this?Transverse pericardial sinus
    Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.
    Anterior to the superior vena cava.
    Superior to the left atrium.    What is this?
  68. 68What are the two main coronary arteries and where do they arise from?Left and Right coronary arteries arising from the left and right aortic sinuses
  69. 69What are the aortic sinuses?Small openings found within the aorta behind the flaps of the aortic value, when heart is relaxed, back flow fills these valve pockets allowing blood to enter the coronary arteries
  70. 70What does the left coronary artery give rise to?1. Left anterior descending
    2. Left marginal artery
    3. Left circumflex artery
  71. 71What does the right coronary artery five rise to?1. The right marginal artery
    The right posterior descending
  72. 72In what percentage of hearts does the posterior inter ventricular artery arise from the right coronary artery ?90%
  73. 73In what percentage of hearts of the posterior inter ventricular artery arise from the circumflex of the LCA?30%
  74. 74In what percentage of hearts is there two posterior inter ventricular arteries?20%
  75. 75Name these arteries?Right
    1. Right coronary artery
    2. Right marginal artery
    Left
    1. Left coronary artery
    2. Left marginal artery
    3. Left anterior descending    Name these arteries?
  76. 76Describe the right auricle?A muscular pouch which acts to increase the capacity of the atrium extending from the antero-medial portion of the right atrium
  77. 77Describe the interior surface of the right atrium?Two parts divided by a muscular ridge known as the cristae terminalis
    1. Sinus venarum
    2. Atrium proper
  78. 78What is the cristae terminalis?A muscular ridge separating the two parts of the right atrium
  79. 79Describe the sinus venarum?Located posterior to the crista terminalis
    Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae
    Has smooth walls and is derived from he embryonic sinus venosus
  80. 80Describe the atrium proper?Located anterior to the cristae terminalis
    Includes the right auricle
    Derived from the primitive atrium, and has rough, muscular walls formed by pectinate muscles
  81. 81What does the coronary sinus do?Receives blood from the coronary veins and it opens into the right atrium between the inferior VC and the right atrioventricular orifice
  82. 82What is the interatrial septum?A solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria
  83. 83Describe the fossa ovalis?A small oval shaped depression in the right atrium which is the remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetal heart which allows right - left shunting of blood to bypass lungs and closes once new-born take first breath
  84. 84Describe the left auricle?Extends from the superior aspect of the chamber overlapping the root of the pulmonary trunk
  85. 85Describe the inflow portion of the left atrium?Receives blood from the pulmonary veins
    Its internal surface is smooth and is derived from pulmonary veins themselves
  86. 86Describe the outflow portion of the left atrium?Located anteriorly, and includes the left auricle
    It is lined by pectinate muscles and is derived from the embryonic atrium
  87. 87How are the inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle separated?A muscular ridge known as the supra ventricular crest
  88. 88Describe the inflow portion of the left and right ventricles?Covered by a series of irregular muscular elevations --> Trabeculae carnae
    The give the ventricle a sponge like appearance and can be grouped into three main types
    1. Ridges
    2. Bridges
    3. Pillars
  89. 89Describe the trabeculae carnae ridges?Attached along their entire length on one side to form ridges along the interior surface of the lung
  90. 90Describe the trabeculae carnae bridges?Attached to the ventricles at both ends but free in the middle
    An example is the moderation band that carries the ridge bundle branches
  91. 91Describe the trabeculae carnae pillars?Also known as papillary muscles the they are anchored by their base the ventricles
    Their apices are attached to fibrous chords (chordae tendineae) which are in turn attached to tricuspid valve
    By contracting the papillary muscles they pull on the chordae tendineae which prevents prolapse of value during systole
  92. 92Describe the outflow portion of the right ventricle?Also known as conus arteriosus
    Located in the superior aspect of the ventricle
    Has smooth walls and no trabeculae carnae
  93. 93Describe the inter ventricular septum?Separates the two ventricles and is composed of a superior membranous part and an inferior muscular part
    The muscular part is as thick as the left ventricle wall and the membranous part is thinner and is a part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart
  94. 94What are the labels? 1. 2. 3.1. Chordae tendineae
    2. Papillary muscles
    3. Trabeculae carnae    What are the labels? 1. 2. 3.
  95. 95Describe the outflow portion of the left ventricle?Known as the aortic vestibule, it is smooth walled and no trabeculae carnae
  96. 96What are semilunar valves?Pulmonary and aortic valves
    The are located between the ventricle and artery
    Regulate flow of blood leaving the heart
  97. 97When do the semilunar valves close?At the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)
  98. 98When do the atrioventricular valves close?At the start of ventricular contraction (systole)
  99. 99Describe the anatomy of the tricuspid and mitral valves?Tricuspid 3 cusps
    Mitral 2 cusps
    Cusps made of a fibrous tissue covered with endothelium
    Cusps attached to a ring of fibrous tissue which forms the orifice between the atrium and the ventricle
    The myocardium is also attached to this ring
    The free edge has multiple chordae tendini attached and these cords attach to a papillary muscle which contracts during systole to keep the cords tight
  100. 100Describe the anatomy of the aortic and pulmonary valves?Both have three cusps
    Made of fibrous tissue covered with endothelium and are very flexible
    The cusps are attached to a ring of fibrous tissue which forms the orifice between the ventricle and artery
    The myocardium is also attached to this fibrous ring
    The free edge has a thickening which helps to shape the valve when its closed
  101. 101At what phase of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries fill? Why?During ventricular diastole
    Blood flows from a high to a low pressure. During ventricular diastole the pressure in the aorta is high and the pressure in the myocardium is zero therefore the coronary arteries inside the muscle can fill
  102. 102Describe the conducting system of the heart and its function?- The four fibrous rings which support the heart valves form a complete electrical isolation of the ventricles from the atria
    - Starts at the AVN, modified myocardium called Purkinje fibres extend into ventricular septum down to apex of the heart
    - It then divides twice to provide a right bundle to the right ventricle and two bundles (anterior posterior) to the left ventricle
    - Right bundle crosses the lumen of the ventricle as a moderator band
  103. 103What is the blood supply of the sino atrial node?Right coronary artery in 60% of hearts
    Left coronary artery in 40% of hearts
  104. 104What is the blood supply of the atrioventricular node?Supplied by the posterior interventricular artery
    90% PIA comes from right coronary artery
    30% PIA comes from left coronary artery
    20% there are two PIAs
  105. 105What is the location of the sino atrial node?On the cristae terminalis just where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium
  106. 106On a chest x ray, which chambers and vessels form the right and left borders of the cardiac shadow?Right heart border: Right atrium
    Left heart border: Left auricular appendage superiorly and the left ventricle
  107. 107What is myocardium?Myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle and is involuntary striated muscle
  108. 108What is endocardium?The innermost layer of the cardiac wall, it lines the cavities and valves of the heart
    Comprised of loose connective tissue and simple squamous epithelial tissue

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Undergraduate first year (Areas ) Anatomy Fichas sobre Cardiorespiratory , creado por Erin Dunn el 21/11/2018.
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Erin Dunn
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