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Working Memory
Fichas del conjunto (32)
- 1What was one of the early distinctions between types of memory?William James' distinction between primary and secondary memory (1890)
- 2What is primary memory?- a portion of the present space of time
- linked to conscious experience
- retrieval is effortless - 3What is secondary memory?- the genuine past
- linked to the unconscious
- usually permanent
- retrieval is effortful - 4How is information kept in short term memory in Atkin & Shiffrin's modal model?- external stimulus enters through senses and passes into sensory memory store
- if paid attention to it can pass to short term memory store
- if information is rehearsed it can be held in the short term store - 5How is information transferred to long term memory in Atkin & Shiffrin's modal model?- if information in short term store is encoded it can be passed to the long term memory store
- information in long term store can then be retrieved back to the short term store later on - 6What are the features of sensory memory?- sensations persist after the stimulus has disappeared
- subject to very rapid decay
- stores exist for visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) sensory information - 7What evidence is there for the storage capacity of sensory stores?Sperling:
1. pps presented a matrix of letters for 1/20 s and told to report as many letters as possible
2. same repeated again but with a tone (high/low) presented after matrix to signify a row to report (eg. high for top row) - 8How did participants perform on the first trial of the experiment?- subjects recalled only 5/6 of the letters
- not because the subjects did not have enough time to view the matrix - 9How did participants perform on the second trial of the experiment?- recall was almost perfect even though participants would not know which row to report whilst viewing the matrix
- concluded memory for images fades after 1-3 seconds making report of the entire display difficult - 10What are the 3 encoding dimensions for verbal information in the short term store?1. orthographic - shape/pattern of letters
2. phonological - sound of the word
3. semantic - meaning of the word - 11What evidence is there for the phonological similarity effect?Baddeley (1966): presented a list of 5 words to write down in order
- list contained either phonologically similar words or semantically similar words
- large confusion effects of phonological similarity but not semantic similarity
- coding must use phonological elements - 12How does selective damage support the idea of a verbal short term store?- patients described who have severely reduced verbal memory spans
- normal performance on other verbal tasks
- intact word perception
- no problems with speech production - 13Where does the selective damage usually occur?- damage to the left hemisphere
- usually affecting the parietal and temporal lobes - 14What is the function of the short term store?- a "work space" to solve problems
- 15What early beliefs did Baddeley have about the capacity of the short term store?- reasoned if STM had a limited storage capacity then filling up the storage capacity would make it difficult to do other tasks that depend on STM
- 16What evidence was found to disprove Baddeley's claim?- dual tasks used to investigate working memory
- found participants could hold a short string of numbers in memory while carrying out other tasks eg. reading
- these digit span tasks had modest effects on reasoning and other memory tasks - 17How does this contradict Baddeley's claim?- if there was only one short term store then it would not be possible to perform two tasks using the short term store without any difficulty
- 18What problems are there with the modal model of memory?- patients with impaired short term memory stores can still have a good long term memory
- length of time items were rehearsed in the store did not correlate with later memory - 19What is the difference between short term memory and working memory?STM: a store for information over very short duration (few seconds, can be rehearsed)
WM: a mental work-space for holding and manipulating information "in mind" - 20What are the fundamental concepts of Baddeley & Hitch's model of memory?- there are multiple STS for differnet types of information eg. phonological store for sounds and visuo-spatial sketch-pad for visual information
- information in the phonological store is kept fresh via an articulatory loop (repetition)
- the central executive coordinates the activities of each memory buffer - 21What evidence has been collected for the capacity of the phonological store?Word length effect (Baddeley et al, 1975)
- presented list of 5 words to write down in order (increasing in syllables between lists)
- correct recall related to number of syllables
- strong correlation between reading speed and correct recall (same effect found if number of syllables the same but quicker to say) - 22How is information encoded in the phonological store?Articulatory loop: to remember words/numbers people will generally repeat to themselves sub-vocally
- people will only remember what they can say in around 1.5 seconds (pronunciation time hypothesis) - 23What evidence is there for separate working memory buffers?- articulatory suppression does not have any effect on visuospatial tasks
- no difficulty mentally rotating images whilst also performing verbal tasks but increased difficulty whilst performing a different visual task
- brain damage can result in impairment of visuospatial WM but not verbal WM - 24How can we investigate the visuospatial sketchpad?Spatial span tasks: show people a sequence of squares and ask them to remember in which order they turn a different colour
- also has a capacity of around 7 items - 25What is the visuospatial sketchpad used for?- necessary for holding online a sequence of visually guided actions
- necessary for seeing in the mind's eye eg. mentally rotating images - 26What is the central executive?- the most complex and least understood component of the model
- coordinates the activities of the memory buffers
- integrates information from the memory buffers
- suppresses irrelevant information
- has no storage capacity of its own - 27What is a model of the central executive?the supervisory attentional system (SAS)
- 28What are some criticisms of the central executive?- is a convenient homunculus for things we don't understand
- more recent work tries to fractionate the Central executive to try to understand ts components - 29What are some more recent views of working memory?- updated WM over short to long timescales
- WM constantly updates the information stored in the primary memory store - 30What timescales are present for verbal information in the working memory?Short: coherent at the word level
Medium: coherent at the sentence level
Long: coherent at the paragraph level - 31What is some evidence for the different timescales of working memory?Hasson et al (2015): scanned people listening to different conditions looking for brain regions showing coherent activity across individuals
1. individual words mixed up
2. individual sentences mixed up
3. whole paragraphs mixed up - 32What did the evidence show?-revealed brain regions that integrate information across different timescales
- WM has a capacity to store for much longer than just a few seconds
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- (Memory) Cognition in Clinical Contexts Fichas sobre Working Memory, creado por Amy Walker el 26/11/2019.
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- Amy Walker
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