Fichas
BMS14-1062 - Histology of endocrine glands
Fichas del conjunto (42)
- 1What are the 4 classes of hormones?1. AA derivatives (eg. adrenaline)
2. Small peptides: ADH
3. Proteins: Growth hormone, insulin
4. Steroids: cortisol, sex hormones - 2What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine secretion?Exocrine is out of ducts to internal/extenal surfaces
Endocrine is via hormones in the blood - 3What are the characteristics of: 1. Peptide 2. Steroid1. lots of rER, secretory vesicles
2. smooth ER, mitochondria, lipid droplets - 4Where is the pituitary gland?In the pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone
- 5The Andenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is formed how?By the upgrowth of endo/ectoderm from embryonic oral cavity (Rathke's Pouch)
- 6The Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) is formed how?By downgrowth from floor of diencephalon
- 7What does the Andenohypophysis contain?pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia - 8What does the Neurohypophysis contain?1. pars nervosa
2. infundibulum (pituitary/neural stalk)
3. axons of neurons supported by pituicytes - 9Which 2 peptide hormones are found in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)?1. ADH (increase H20 retention, contracts SM)
2. Oxytoxin ( contracts SM) - 10How are hormones released by the posterior pituitary made and released?1. Hormones made in the cell bodies of neurons in hypothalamus as large protein
2. Cleaved into hormone+binding protein
3. Transported down axons to terminals
4. Released into fenestrated capillaries - 11What are Herring's Bodies?Accumulations of hormones in axons
- 12The Pars Distalis contains which 3 types of secretory cells?1. Acidophils (somatotrophs like growth hormone, mammotrophs)
2. Basophils (tyrotrophs like tyroid stim. hormone, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs)
3. Chromophobes (reserve cells) - 13Pars Tuberalis contains which cells?Cuboidal cells with gonadotrophs
- 14Pars Intermedia contains which cells?Cells that secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone for skin pigmentation
- 15How does the portal vessel system of the anterior pituitary gland work?1. Releasing hormones are discharged from axons of neurons from hypothalamus into pituitary portal vessels at base (top) of stalk
2. Releasing hormones travel down into anterior pituitary, stimulate target hormone release - 16What are the advantages of the portal vessel system?1. Need less releasing hormone
2. Hormone can be reused
3. More immediate response - 17What do releasing hormones do?They either stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormone release
- 18What are some hormones with release coupled with releasing hormones?1. Thyrotropin
2. Gonadotropin
3. Growth Hormone
4. Corticotropin - 19What are two inhibitory releasing hormones?1. Somatostatin (block GH/TSH)
2. Dopamine (block prolactin) - 20What is the structure of the thyroid gland and where is it located?2 pear shaped lateral lobes connected by isthmus
Lies at 2nd-4th tracheal rings - 21What does the thyroid gland develop from?Downgrowth of pharyngeal pouch
- 22What do the epithelial cells secrete in the thyroid gland? Where does this accumulate?Thryglobulin (inactive form of hormone)
Accumulates in follicle as colloid - 23What is covalently attached to the tyrosines of thyroglobulin to activate it?Iodine
- 24What is the function of thyroid follicular cells?They take up iodide to oxidise to iodine
- 25What happens when TSH is recieved at the anterior pituitary?1. Follicular cells endocytose iodinated thyroglobulin
2. Thyroglobulin broken down in lysosomes
3. Released as thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3) - 26What do C cells/parafollicular cells do? What are they from?1. Secrete calcitonin that inhibit osteoclast activity
-leads to reduced calcium concentration in blood
2. From NCCs - 27What do the chief (principle) cells in the parathyroid glands secrete?Parathyroid hormone, which increases calcium mobilisation and blood calcium levels
- 28What are the two cells present in the parathyroid gland?1. Principle (chief) cells
2. Oxyphil cells (no known function) - 29Where are the adrenal glands located?At the upper part of the kidney
- 30What does the medulla of the adrenal gland develop from?The sympathetic ganglion
- 31What does the cortex of the adrenal gland develop from?The coelomic epithelium lining posterior abdominal wall
- 32What does the adrenal cortex do?They secrete steroids
- 33What part of the adrenal cortex has the following? 1. cells in round clusters 2. secrete mineralocorticoids (eg. aldosterone) 3. regulated by renin/angiotensinZona Glomerulosa
- 34What part of the adrenal cortex has the following? 1. cells arranged in straight cords running radially 2. secrete glucocorticoids (eg. cortisol) 3. Regulated by Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Zona Fasciculata
- 35What part of the adrenal cortex has the following? 1. Irregular cords 2. Secrete mostly useless glucocorticoids/sex hormonesZona Reticulatris
- 36What does the adrenal medulla do?Secrete catecholamines into blood:
80% adrenaline
20% noradrenaline (alpha receptors, mantain BP, continiously released vs just during stress, primary neurotransmiter of SNS) - 37What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by? Which nervous system?Cholinergic preganglionic input from greater/lesser splanchnic nerves via coeliac ganglion
Sympathetic nervous system - 38What do Alpha (20%) cells in the Islet of Langerhams produce?Glucagon
- 39What do Beta (70%) cells in the Islet of Langerhams produce?Insulin
- 40What do Delta (5-10%) cells in the Islet of Langerhams produce?Somatostatin
- 41What do G/PP (1-2%) cells in the Islet of Langerhams produce?Pancreatic polypeptide
- 42What is the diffuse neuroendocrine system? What type of secretion?1. Scattered cells in the gut/respiratory system that can secrete amines/peptides (eg. gastrin , CCK, secretin, serotonin)
2. Paracrine
Información
- Descripción
- Define the general characteristics of endocrine glands. Describe the anatomical location, development, microstructure and functions of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Consider briefly the cellular organization and functions of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Appreciate the existence of the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
- Creado por
- Evian Chai
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