Fichas
Week 12
Fichas del conjunto (93)
- 1The study of death and dying.Thanatology
- 2True/False: Dying people benefit profoundly from social support in their last days/hours.True
- 3True/False: In reality, 80% of people die free of pain.False
(20% die free of pain) - 4Death is the accumulation of a straightforward...biological process.
- 51 in 4 deaths are sudden. What % of these deaths are due to heart attacks?80-90%
- 6Irregular heart rhythm caused by uncontrolled twitching of the heart (during heart attack).Fibrillation
- 7Heart becomes scarred, no longer able to contract with the forces needed to deliver oxygen to tissues.Congestive heart failure
(Majority suffer this form of heart disease) - 8How long can a brain be oxygen-starved before it will suffer irreversible damage?3-4 minutes
- 9The spread of cancer to multiple organs.Metastasis
(Metastasized cancer) - 10Why do 3/4th of people die a long, drawn out death?The help of life-saving medical technology.
- 11What 3 traits are exhibited by a person in the last days/hours before death?Decreased activity, less communication, and loss of interest in food and water.
- 12What are the names of the 3 transition stages from life to death?1. Agonal phase
2. Clinical death
3. Mortality - 13What occurs during the Agonal phase?The gasps and muscle spasms during the first moments in which the regular heartbeat disintegrates.
- 14What is Clinical death?A short period in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and brain functioning stop, BUT resuscitation is still possible.
- 15What is Mortality?The passing of a person into permanent death.
- 16True/False: Death is the result of the brain failing to function and occurs at a single point in time when the brain stops functioning.False
(Death is the result of multiple organs failing to function properly in a sequence that varies and does not happen at a single point in time) - 17Irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and the brain stem.Brain death
- 18True/False: Brain death is the standard measure for death and is used for organ donations even if the intention of the deceased is not clear, as long as family consents.True
- 19The cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity, but the brain stem remains active.Persistent vegetative state
- 20The greatest dignity in death is the integrity of the life that precedes death. How can we foster integrity in death?By the way wee communicate with and care for the dying person.
- 21What 4 ways can we provide dignity in death?1. Humane and compassionate care.
2. Be candid about death.
3. Educate the dying person about their disease.
4. Offer care, affection, companionship, autonomy, and esteem. - 22What is our culture's attitude towards death?Reluctance to talk about death. We are in a death-denying culture (death = "passing away").
- 23Our culture fosters an increase in death anxiety. What is death anxiety?Fear and apprehension of death.
- 24When and why does death anxiety decline?Death anxiety declines in late adulthood due to better regulation of negative emotions.
- 25Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages reduces death anxiety?Ego integrity
- 26What is symbolic immortality?Belief that one will continue to live on through one's children or through work/personal influence.
- 27True/False: People with a well-developed personal philosophy of death are more fearful of death.False
(less fearful of death) - 28True/False: Death anxiety can motivate one to live up to an internalized culture values (ie. be kinder to others).True
- 29Why do women appear to have more death anxiety than men?Woman may be more admissive of feelings about death and women have greater emotional expressiveness throughout their life.
- 30What 2 aspects of cognition reduce death anxiety?Inhibition and Emotional self-regulation
- 31What are the 5 sections of Kübler-Ross's Theory (about the thoughts and emotions of dying people)?1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance - 32Ross did not intend for these sections of the Kübler-Ross's Theory to be fixed sequence. The use of which word caused this misinterpretation?"Stages"
- 33How should the stages of Kübler-Ross's Theory be viewed?As coping strategies
- 34What is Appropriate death?Death that makes sense in terms of the individual's pattern of living and values and, at the same time, preserves or restores significant relationships and is as free of suffering as possible.
- 35What proportion of cancer patients experience severe depression? Why is this important?1/3 of cancer patients.
Higher depression = Lower survival rate - 36True/False: In many nations in Europe, South America, Asia and the Middle East, terminally ill patients are seldom told the truth about their condition, since it disrupts important interdependent relationships.True
(ex. Japan) - 37What are the steps in a Hope Trajectory for a dying patient?1. Hope for a cure
2. Hope to prolong life
3. Hope for peaceful death - 38True/False: Terminally ill patients who score higher in spiritual well-being experience less end-of-life despair.True
- 39In the past, most deaths occurred at home. What is the percentage of deaths that take place in hospitals? In LTC facilities?40% of deaths occur in hospitals
20% of deaths occur in LTC facilities - 40What percentage of people prefer to die at home? What percentage actually die at home?80-90% prefer to die at home, but only 25% actually die at home.
- 41True/False: Family members of people who die at home experience less psychological stress than family members of people who died elsewhere.False
(After 10 months, they continue to report more psychological stress) - 42Why is there more a depersonalized experience for people dying in hospitals? (From doctor's perspective)Doctors need to be able to efficiently care for patient, but not become so emotionally drained by repeated attachment and separations.
- 43What programs in hospitals aim to ease physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering at end-of-life?Hospital comprehensive treatment programs
(only 1/3 of hospitals have them) - 44What 2 things do patients in nursing homes report about their experience?Suffering from inattention to their needs
High levels of untreated pain. - 45A comprehensive program of support services for terminally ill people and their families. Provides care community, so they can prepare for an appropriate death.Hospice
- 46True/False: Hospices encompass at-home care and inpatient care options.True
- 47What are the main focuses of hospice care? (7 focuses)1. Patient & family as a unit of care
2. Meeting physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs
3. Interdisciplinary care team
4. Home-like atmosphere
5. Palliative or comfort care
6. Regular visits + 24/7 services
7. Bereavement help for the family - 48The practice of ending the life of a person suffering from an incurable condition.Euthanasia
- 49What is the difference between Passive and Active Euthanasia?Passive - withhold or withdraw treatment
Active - act directly to end life - 50True/False: Passive euthanasia is widely practiced as part of ordinary medical procedure.True
- 51True/False: Majority of Catholics favour euthanasia while African American favour euthanasia less.True
- 52A written statement of desired medical treatment should they become incurably ill.Advanced medical directive
- 53Living will is a type of AMD in which a patient had specified treatments they want or do not want. For which cases are living wills written?Terminal illness, coma, or other near death situations.
- 54Durable power of attorney for health care authorizes another person to make treatment decisions on their behalf. What is the main advantage of this over a Living Will?More flexible than a living will.
(Also not limited to terminally ill patients and can deal with unexpected situations) - 55What proportion of adults 65+ have an advance medical directive?~2/3 of adults over age 65
- 56What is an important mean of covering children and adolescents who cannot legally execute advance medical directives?Proxies or Substitute decision makers
- 57What is the type of euthanasia in which the doctor acts directly to end a suffering patient's life at their request?Voluntary active euthanasia
- 58What percentage of people in Western nations approve of voluntary active euthanasia?70-90%
- 59What is the difference between assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia?Assisted suicide - Patient kills themself
Voluntary active euthanasia - Doctor kill the patient - 60What is the legal status of assisted suicide in Canada?Illegal in Canada
- 61What proportion of patients say that they would consider assisted suicide in particular circumstances?1/3 patients
- 62Public opinion favours assisted suicide or voluntary active euthanasia?Voluntary active euthanasia over assisted suicide.
- 63Why would the possibility of coercion be reduced in assisted suicide when compared to voluntary active euthanasia?The final act is the patient's responsibility.
- 64What is the type of euthanasia that occurs when the doctor ends a patient's life without their permission or consent?Involuntary active euthanasia
- 65Intense physical and psychological distress (grief) felt when we have lost a loved one.Bereavement
- 66Culturally specified expression of the bereaved person's thoughts and feelings. (Aim is to help people cope with the grief)Mourning
- 67What is the grieving process compared to?A roller coaster ride with many ups and downs.
- 68What are the 4 necessary tasks of grief?1. Accept reality of the death.
2. Work through the pain of grief.
3. Adjust to a world with the loved one.
4. Develop an inner bond with the deceased and move on with your life. - 69Avoidance of the reality of death results in shock, then disbelief. How long may this disbelief last?May last for hours to weeks.
- 70What is the term used to describe the numbing feeling experienced as you accept the reality of your loss?Emotional "anesthesia"
- 71What stage of grieving involves reviewing the circumstances of death to find meaning in their death?Confrontation
- 72In what stage of grieving must a person deal with stressors that are secondary outcomes of death?Restoration
- 73Effective coping requires people to oscillate between dealing with the emotional consequences of loss and attending to life changes, which have restorative or healing effects.Dual-process of coping with loss
- 74True/False: There is no set timeline for grieving, as it is different for everyone.True
- 75Why is there a much higher mortality rate in bereaved men than women?Men typically express less distress and depression directly, and seek social support less.
- 76Which results in more pronounced avoidance and highly traumatic confrontation: Sudden, unanticipated death or Prolonged, expected death?Sudden, unanticipated death
- 77In prolonged dying, the bereaved person has time to engage in what type of grieving that acknowledges loss as inevitable and prepares them emotionally for the loss?Anticipatory grieving
- 78True/False: People grieving a suicide are more likely to believe that they contributed or could have prevented it.True
- 79Parents experience the most difficult loss when who dies?Their children
(whether it is sudden or foreseen) - 80How should parents' reestablish a sense of life's meaning after their child's death?Through valuing the child's impact on their lives and investing in other children and activities.
- 81Cognitive development allows for grieving, thus an immature understanding of death may cause the child of a deceased parent to think what about their parent's death?The child may think the deceased parent voluntarily left or was angry and left them.
- 82What is the major difference in the grieving process between adolescents and younger children?Adolescents tend to keep grieving to themselves and not confide in others.
- 83True/False: Older widows eventually fare well, while younger widows display more negative outcomes.True
- 84A sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and benefit from others' support.Disenfranchised grief
(Seen in lesbian/gay couples) - 85Several deaths at once or in close succession, which causes depletion of coping resources, leaving you emotionally overwhelmed and unable to resolve your grief.Bereavement overload
- 86When is bereavement overload more likely to occur?In late life and those who experienced natural disaster, terrorist attacks, etc.
- 87What are the 5 suggestion for resolving grief?1. Give yourself permission to feel the loss
2. Accept social support
3. Be realistic about the course of grieving
4. Remember the deceased
5. When ready, invest in new activities and new relationships. - 88What type of interventions encourage people to draw on their existing social network, while providing additional social support through group or individual counselling?Bereavement interventions
- 89In bereavement interventions, individually-tailored approach is best suited for which type of coping: Loss-oriented or Restoration-oriented?Restoration-oriented coping
- 90In bereavement interventions, support groups are best suited for which type of coping: Loss-oriented or Restoration-oriented?Loss-oriented coping
- 91What percentage of people use bereavement interventions?30-50%
- 92What are the goals of death education? (4 main goals)1. Understanding of physical and psychological changes with dying.
2. How to cope with the death of a loved one.
3. Prepare to be informed consumers of medical and funeral services.
4. Understanding of social and ethical issues involving death. - 93Which are better at decreasing death anxiety: educational programs or experimental programs?Experimental programs