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Public Speaking Midterm Study Guide
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- 1Stage FrightAnxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
- 2AdrenalineA hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
- 3Positive NervousnessControlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation
- 4VisualizationMental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures themself giving a successful presentation
- 5SpeakerThe person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
- 6Messagewhatever a speaker communicates
- 7ChannelThe means by which a message is communicated
- 8ListenerThe person who receives the speaker's message
- 9EthnocentrismThe belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups
- 10FeedbackThe messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
- 11Five guidelines for ethical speechmaking are:1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound
2. Be fully prepared for each speech
3. Be honest in what you say
4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
5. Put ethical principles into practice - 12Listeners also have ethical obligations like:1. To listen courteously and attentively
2. To avoid prejudging the speaker
3. To maintain free and open expression of ideas - 13EthicsThe branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
- 14Name-callingThe use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or grups
- 15PlagerismPresenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
- 16Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments of the Constitution
- 17ParaphraseTo restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
- 18Spare "Brain time"The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-180 words per minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-500 words a minute)
- 19ListeningPaying close attention to and making sense of, what we hear
- 20HearingThe vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
- 21What are the four main causes of poor listening?-Not concentrating
-Listening too hard
-Jumping to conclusions
-Focusing on delivery and personal appearance - 22How to become a better listener:-Be an active listener
-Resist distractions
-Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery
-Suspend judgment
-Focus on listening
-Develop note-taking skills - 23Empathic Listeninglistening to provide emotional support for a speaker
- 24Critical ListeningListening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
- 25AttitudeA frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
- 26StereotypingCreating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
- 27EgocentrismThe tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
- 28Demographic Audience AnalysisAudience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, religion, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, gender, and sexual orientation, group membership, and the like
- 29Situational Audience AnalysisAudience analysis that focuses on the situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker, and the location
- 30PersuasionThe process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
- 31Question of FactA question about the truth of falsity of an assertion
- 32Question of ValueA question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
- 33Question of PolicyA question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
- 34Burden of ProofThe obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is neccessary
- 35Monroe's Motivated SequenceA method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek
immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need,
satisfaction, visualization, and action. - 36Target Audiencethe portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to
Persuade - 37EthosThe name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.
- 38Logosthe name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker, two major
elements of logos are evidence and reasoning. - 39FallacyAn error in reasoning.
- 40Bandwagona fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is, therefore
good, correct, or desirable - 41PathosThe name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as an emotional appeal
- 42Evidenceconsists of supporting materials-examples, statistics, and testimony-used to prove
or disapprove something - 43Red Herringthe fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the
subject under discussion - 44Ad Hominema fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in
dispute - 45Invalid Analogyan analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially
alike.
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- Public Speaking midterm study guide.
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- Ikeshia Billingsley
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