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Microbiology: Module 9 (Epidemiology and diseases)
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- 1Diseaseis any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired.
- 2Infectionis the successful colonization of a host by a microorganism.
- 3Signs of disease are...objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician (ex. blood pressure or body temperature)
- 4Symptoms of disease are...Subjective, and can not be clinically observed or measured (ex. nausea or pain)
- 5SyndromeA specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease
- 6Infectious diseaseany disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen.
- 7Communicable infectious diseasesinfectious diseases capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms.
- 8Contagious diseasesinfectious communicable diseases that are easily spread from one person to another
- 9Iatrogenic diseasesDiseases that are contracted as the result of a medical procedure
- 10Nosocomial diseasesDiseases acquired in hospital settings
- 11Zoonotic disease (or zoonosis)A disease transmitted to humans from animals
- 12Noncommunicable infectious diseasediseases that are not spread from one person to another (ex. tetanus)
- 13Noninfectious diseasesDiseases not caused by pathogens
- 14Inherited diseasesA genetic disease
- 15Congenital diseasesDisease that is present at or before birth
- 16Degenerative diseasesProgressive, irreversible loss of function
- 17Nutritional deficiency diseasesImpaired body function due to lack of nutrients
- 18Endocrine diseasesDisease involving malfunction of glands that release hormones to regulate body functions
- 19Neoplastic diseasesAbnormal growth (benign or malignant)
- 20Idiopathic diseasesDisease for which the cause is unknown
- 21incubation periodperiod between encountering the pathogen and developing noticeable symptoms
- 22Prodromal periodPeriod in which symptoms of a disease are starting to be noticeable, and the activation of the immune system occurs
- 23Period of illnessthe period in which the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe
- 24Period of declineA period in which the number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline
- 25Period of convalescenceA period in which the patient returns to normal functions, unless the disease has permanently affected them
- 26Acute diseasepathologic changes occur over a relatively short time (e.g., hours, days, or a few weeks) and involve a rapid onset of disease conditions (ex. influenza)
- 27Chronic diseasePathologic changes can occur over longer time spans (e.g., months, years, or a lifetime).
- 28Latent diseasesthe causal pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication.
- 29PathogenicityThe ability of a microbial agent to cause disease
- 30Virulencethe degree to which an organism is pathogenic
- 31median infectious dose (ID50)the number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals.
- 32Median lethal dose (LD50)the number of pathogenic cells, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals.
- 33A primary pathogen can...cause disease in a host regardless of the host’s resident microbiota or immune system.
- 34An opportunistic pathogen can...only cause disease in situations that compromise the host’s defenses, such as the body’s protective barriers, immune system, or normal microbiota.
- 35exposure/contactAn encounter with a potential pathogen
- 36adhesionthe capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors
- 37adhesinsMolecules (either proteins or carbohydrates) found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors (glycoproteins) on host cells.
- 38invasionthe dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or the body.
- 39local infectionAn infection confined to a small area of the body, typically near the portal of entry.
- 40focal infectiona localized pathogen, or the toxins it produces, can spread to a secondary location.
- 41systemic infectionWhen an infection becomes disseminated throughout the body
- 42primary infectionthe initial infection caused by one pathogen
- 43secondary infectionAn infection that occurs as a result of a primary infection by a secondary pathogen
- 44bacteremiathe presence of bacteria in the blood
- 45pyemia. Bacteremia involving pyogens (pus-forming bacteria)
- 46viremiaWhen viruses are found in the blood,
- 47toxemiadescribes the condition when toxins are found in the blood.
- 48septicemiawhen bacteria are both present and multiplying in the blood
- 49shocka life-threatening decrease in blood pressure (systolic pressure <90 mm Hg) that prevents cells and organs from receiving enough oxygen and nutrients.
- 50toxinsbiological poisons
- 51toxigenicityThe ability of a pathogen to produce toxins to cause damage to host cells
- 52The two types of toxinEndotoxin and exotoxins
- 53EndotoxinThe lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
- 54Exotoxinare protein molecules that are produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria.
- 55Intracellular targeting toxinsA-B toxins; "B" binds to receptor of host cell (and A). Then A is released into cell, interfering with intracellular processes.
- 56Membrane-disrupting toxinsToxins that degrade or make pores in the host cell's phospholipid bilayer
- 57Superantigensexotoxins that trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines (chemical messengers). The excessive production of cytokines, often called a cytokine storm, elicits a strong immune and inflammatory response that can cause life-threatening high fevers, low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, shock, and death.
- 58antigenic variationthe alteration of surface proteins so that a pathogen is no longer recognized by the host’s immune system.
- 59antigenic driftis the result of point mutations causing slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).
- 60antigenic shifta major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment. This reassortment for antigenic shift occurs typically when two different viruses infect the same host.
- 61epidemiologyThe study of the geographical distribution and timing of infectious disease occurrences and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature, with the goal of recognizing and controlling outbreaks.
- 62etiologythe study of the causes of disease
- 63morbidityThe state of being diseased
- 64prevalencethe number, or proportion, of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time
- 65incidenceis the number or proportion of new cases in a period of time.
- 66sporadic diseasesDiseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration
- 67endemic diseasesDiseases that are constantly present (often at a low level) in a population within a particular geographic region
- 68epidemic diseasesDiseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region
- 69pandemic diseaseAn epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale
- 70etiologic/causative agentthe cause of the disease
- 71notifiable/reportable diseasesdiseases considered to be of public health importance on a national scale.
- 72Who is John Snow?a British physician known as the father of epidemiology for determining the source of the 1854 Broad Street cholera epidemic in London
- 73Common source spreada case in which there is a single source for all of the individuals infected
- 74Point source spreada case in which the common source of an infection operates for a short time period—less than the incubation period of the pathogen
- 75Continuous common source spreada case in which the infection occurs for an extended period of time, longer than the incubation period
- 76Intermittent common source spreada case in which infections occur for a period, stop, and then begin again.
- 77Propagated spreadoccurs through direct or indirect person-to-person contact. With propagated spread, there is no single source for infection; each infected individual becomes a source for one or more subsequent infections.
- 78Who is Florence Nightingale?Analyzed data for causes of illnesses and death of war in 1854. She determined that the leading cause of death was infectious disease
- 79Who is Joseph Lister?He provided early epidemiological evidence leading to good public health practices in clinics and hospitals.
- 80Observational studydata are gathered from study participants through measurements (such as physiological variables like white blood cell count), or answers to questions in interviews (such as recent travel or exercise frequency); No manipulation of subjects
- 81Descriptive epidemiologygathers information about a disease outbreak, the affected individuals, and how the disease has spread over time in an exploratory stage of study
- 82Analytical epidemiologyemploys carefully selected groups of individuals in an attempt to more convincingly evaluate hypotheses about potential causes for a disease outbreak. The selection of cases is generally made at random, so the results are not biased because of some common characteristic of the study participants (can be retrospective or prospective)
- 83Retrospective studiesgather data from the past on present-day cases
- 84Prospective studiesfollow individuals and monitor their disease state during the course of the study.
- 85Cohort methodexamines groups of individuals (called cohorts) who share a particular characteristic.
- 86Case-control studiestypically retrospective and compare a group of individuals with a disease to a similar group of individuals without the disease; far more efficient than cohort studies because researchers can deliberately select subjects who are already affected with the disease as opposed to waiting to see which subjects from a random sample will develop a disease.
- 87Cross-sectional studyanalyzes randomly selected individuals in a population and compares individuals affected by a disease or condition to those unaffected at a single point in time.
- 88Experimental epidemiologyuses laboratory or clinical studies in which the investigator manipulates the study subjects to study the connections between diseases and potential causative agents or to assess treatments.
- 89Passive carrierA carrier contaminated with the pathogen and can mechanically transmit it to another host; however, a passive carrier is not infected.
- 90Active carrieris an infected individual who can transmit the disease to others. An active carrier may or may not exhibit signs or symptoms of infection.
- 91Asymptomatic carriersActive carriers who do not present signs or symptoms of disease despite infection
- 92Definitive hostthe parasite’s preferred host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity.
- 93Intermediate hostsin which the parasite goes through several immature life cycle stages or reproduces asexually.
- 94Vehicle transmissionrefers to the transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as water, food, and air
- 95Mechanical transmissionis facilitated by a mechanical vector, an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself
- 96Biological transmissionwhen the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another
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Información
- Descripción
- terms for microbiology
- Creado por
- Serenity Brooks
- Visitas
- 51
- Etiquetas
- Valoración