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USE FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION

samantha.coleman Biology NCEA Level 3 Inglés 53 fichas

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  1. 1valgus anglethe angle the femur makes where it attaches the knee
  2. 2lateral condylebuttress of bone at the lower end of the femur
    humans - increased buttress to prevent sideways deflection of leg when walking
  3. 3sagittal crestbuttress of bone on the top of the skull for the attachment of large jaw muscles
  4. 4nuchal crestbuttress of bone at the back of the skull for the attachment of large neck muscles
  5. 5foramen magnumhole in the bottom of the skull which the spinal cord attaches to and passes through
  6. 6occitipital condylespiece of bone on the base of the skull where the first cervical vertebrae articulates with the skull
  7. 7homininhuman both living and fossil
  8. 8hominidhumans, gorillas and chimpanzees
  9. 9arborealtree dwelling
  10. 10acheuliantool culture of HOMO ERECTUS,
    tear dropped shaped, flaked, hand axes
    specailised for chopping / scraping
  11. 11Australopithecusgroup of extinct omnivorous bipedal hominins. including A. anamensis, afarensis, africanus and others
  12. 12bipedalismwalking on two legs
  13. 13brachiationswinging by arms like apes
  14. 14broca's areaarea of brain which produces speech
  15. 15brow ridgeboney projection protecting eyes. prominent to early hominins
  16. 16craniumraised back of skill holding brain
  17. 17diastemagap between incisors and canines to allow space for large canines
  18. 18gracilelight and small in structure
  19. 19mesolithicmiddle stone age
  20. 20Mousteriantool culture of NEANDERTHALS
    made from flakes resharpened edges, levallois method
    used for scrapers and spears, attached stone tools to handles, flint
  21. 21neolithicnew stone age- age of agriculture
  22. 22oldowanfirst tool culture used by HOMO HABILIS
    pebble tool, roughly flaked on one side giving a chopping edge
    multipurpose choppers
  23. 23palaeolithicold stone age
  24. 24paranthropusgenus of vegetarian hominins includes - P. aethipicus, robustus, and boisei
  25. 25plantigradethe entire foot is on the ground
  26. 26primateorder that includes - monkeys apes and humans
  27. 27prognathismhaving a protruding muzzle
  28. 28robustheavier, stronger structure
  29. 29selection pressurethe environmental factors that favor certain phenotypes over others.
  30. 30sexual dimorphismwhere the male is larger and structural differences from females.
  31. 31upper paleolithictool culture of HOMO SAPIENS
    specialized from several materials like flint and bone, precision/ refined
    uses- fine blades and points, spears, throwers, bone needles, fish hooks, wide range of uses
  32. 32wernickes areaarea in the brain concerned with recognition of speech
  33. 33zygomatic archbone structure on side of cheek through which the chewing muscles go.
  34. 34Spine shape (human)Human – has an S-shaped curve = support & balance for upright biped as weight of chest sits almost directly above the joint between spine and pelvis
  35. 35spine shape (ape)Ape - C shaped spine confers less strength but promotes quadrupedal locomotion
  36. 36Neural spines (human)cervical vertebrae have short neural spines as little muscle attachment is required to hold the head upright
  37. 37Neural spines (apes)Cervical vertebrae have long neural spines as there is the need for a large surface area for muscle attachment to support massive head held horizontally.
  38. 38pelvis shape (humans)broader, shorter (bowl-shaped) pelvis supports an upright torso by giving greater stability. The weight of the trunk is transmitted directly to the legs.
  39. 39pelvis shape (apes)longer and narrower pelvis. The greater length provides greater attachment area for gluteus medius muscle facilitating the pelvic tilting in quadrupedal motion and gives greater support for abdominal organs.
  40. 40pelvis movement (humans)The large gluteus maximus muscle is locate at the rear of the hip (and forms the buttock). Where it acts to pull the femur backwards during walking
  41. 41pelvis movement (apes)Has smaller gluteus maximus muscle which lies to the outside of the hip and acts to raise the leg sideways
  42. 42legs structure (humans)Legs are longer than arms. The femur is longer (to increase stride length), straighter (to ensure body weight centered down length of bone) and thinner (to make lighter structure as weight distribution is better)
  43. 43leg structure (apes)Legs are shorter than arms. They are required for support of the parts of the body attached to the lower part of the curved spine. Femur is shorter and broader. Promotes quadrupedal movement.
  44. 44knee - valgus angle humansfemur slants downwards and inwards and is angled in at the knee joint to make proper contact with the lower leg bones. brings knee joints closer together & brings legs and weight of the body centrally under spinal cord. This is called the valgus angle. increased valgus = better balance walking
  45. 45knee - valgus angle apesThe femur descends vertically from the pelvis with no slant. i.e. the valgus angle = 0.
  46. 46feet - carrying angleHumans – Feet are placed under the spine so that walking is carried out without swaying.
    Apes - Feet are below the outer side of the pelvis so there is a sideways swaying motion when walking.
  47. 47feet shapeHumans – There is a convex arch under the foot to act like a spring under tension and allows for a transfer of weight down the foot to the big toe.
    Apes - Has no arch (i.e. they are flat footed).
  48. 48feet- big toeHumans – is aligned with the other toes to provide the final thrust against the ground to propel the body forward.
    Apes - Is divergent (slightly opposed) to allow for grasping action and anchorage in toes.
  49. 49handHuman – Thumb is long and fully opposable enabling precision grip. Used for making and using tools. Finger bones are straight and short.
    Apes - Thumb is short and fingers are long and curved so precision grip is impossible. The hands are suitable for using crude tools only. The curved bones aid brachiating.
  50. 50jawHuman –small in size as human teeth size is small (due to the eating of a softer diet). Less prognathous (shorter muzzle) = better balance for bipedal motion
    Ape- large in size as apes have large teeth (needed to eat the tough, fibrous diet), large canines for aggression displays
  51. 51teeth arrangementHumans – The teeth are arranged in a rounded ‘V’ shape arrangement
    Apes - The teeth are shaped like a ‘U’ with parallel sides.
  52. 52teeth shapeHuman – smaller over all and more uniform in size, suiting their omnivorous diet and softer cooked food. They have no diastema – no need for space to fit in large canines to close mouth
    Apes - larger specialised teeth for grinding and chewing. Canines are used for defence. They have a diastema to allow jaw to close and fit in large canines.
  53. 53teeth structureHuman – have smaller premolars and molars with a thin enamel coating.
    Apes - Larger premolars and molars and a thick enamel coating = grind down high cellulose cell walls in diet

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NCEA Level 3 Biology Fichas sobre USE FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION , creado por samantha.coleman el 14/11/2015.
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  • Creado por samantha.coleman · 14 nov 2015
  • Copiado por Jana Gallagher · 14 nov 2015
  • Copiado por samantha.coleman · 14 nov 2015
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