Fichas
Psychology Research Methods
Fichas del conjunto (25)
- 1Iv(Cause) the factor manipulated by the researchers in an investigation
- 2DV(Effect) The factor measured by the researchers in an investigation
- 3Operationalisation of VariablesThe process of defining variables into measurable factors
- 4Extraneous VariablesVariables other than the IV that might affect the DV
- 5Confounding VariablesUncontrolled Extraneous Variables that negatively effect the results
- 6What are the three main types of Extraneous Variables1) Participant Variables
2) Situational Variables
3) Experimenter Variables - 7Participant VariablesConcerned with factors such as participants' age and intelligence
- 8Situational VariablesConcern the experimental setting and surrounding environment, eg temperature and noise levels
- 9Experimenter VariablesChanges in personality, appearance and conduct of researcher eg male and females may gain different results
- 10HypothesisA precise, testable prediction of what is expected to happen
- 11Null hypothesisPredicts the IV will not affect the DV
- 12Directional HypothesisThe researcher makes clear the sort of difference that is to be expected. it gives direction of the effect. It usually includes words like ; more, less, higher, lower, faster, slower
- 13Non-directional hypothesisStates there will be a difference between the conditions, but the direction is not specified.
- 14What is a Demand Characteristic?Participants effects, the interaction between participants and researchers can effect the findings
- 15What are the demand characteristics? (participant effects)- Guessing the purpose of the research and trying to please the researcher by giving the 'right' answers
- Guessing the purpose of the research and trying to annoy the researcher by giving the 'wrong' results
- Acting unnatural out of nervousness
- Acting unnatural due to social desirability bias - 16How can you reduce the risk of demand characteristics?Deception; -Distract for questions
-Lying about the aim
Single Blind; -The participant is unaware of which condition they are in - 17What are investigator effects?researchers unconsciously influence the results of research and can occur in several ways
- 18What are the investigator effects?-physical characteristics; body language, tone of voice
-Personal Characteristics
-Biased in interpretation of data and find what they expect to find - 19How can you reduce investigator effects?-Double Blind; neither the researcher or the participant knows which condition they are in
-Run by someone else - 20How do you investigate the effects of confounding/ extraneous variables?- Randomisation
-Standardisation - 21What is Randomisation?-The chance to control the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions
-If research has more than one condition, the participants should be randomly put into conditions and the order of the conditions randomly determined - 22Example of randomisationIn a memory experiment where participants have to learn a list of words, the order should be randomly generated so the words or position of words are not decided by the experimenter
- 23What is standardisation?All the participants should have the same environment, information and experience. To ensure this all procedures are standardised. This means that there is a list of exactly what will be done in the study. This includes standardised instructions that are read out to the participants before doing the research
- 24Pilot studiessmall scale investigations carried out prior to research to identify potential problems with the design, method or analysis so they can be fixed. Participants may also suggest appropriate changes
- 25Why are pilot studies carried out?Identify potential problems with it so it can be fixed