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Tectonic Hazards flashcards
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- 1natural hazardnaturally occurring event with potential to affect people/property: earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis
- 2natural disasterwhen a natural hazard does affect people/property
- 3earth
- 4continental crustthicker and less dense
- 5plates move because mantle underneath moves with convection currents where plates meet are called boundaries/plate margins
- 6destructive plate boundary no crust is destroyed creates volcanoes
- 7A constructive plate boundary, sometimes called a divergent plate margin, occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.
- 8collision zoneforms when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains.
- 9A conservative plate boundary, sometimes called a transform plate margin, occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds. Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake.
- 10types of plate boundary
- 11destructive margins cause earthquakespressure builds up when one plate gets stuck as it's moving down past the other into the mantle
- 12constructive margins cause earthquakespressure builds along cracks within the plates as they move from each other
- 13conservative margins cause earthquakespressure builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck
- 14destructive margins cause volcanoesthe oceanic plate moves down to the mantle, where it's melted and destroyed, magma forms and rises through cracks in the crust called vents and it erupts on the surface forming a volcano
- 15constructive margins cause volcanoesmagma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart forming a volcano
- 16constructive margins cause volcanoesmagma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart forming a volcano
- 17earthquakes
- 18volcanoes
- 19focusthe start of the earthquake
- 20epicentreThe point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
- 21seismometerA machine that detects seismic waves caused by earthquakes
- 22shockwaveA rapid flow of energy that is sent through the earth after an earthquake
- 23richter scaleThe measure by which the strength of earthquakes is measured 1-10 (where 2 is 10 times stronger than 1)
- 24magnitudethe strength of an earthquake
- 25magma chamberlarge underground pool of magma
- 26lavamagma on the earth's surface
- 27craterbowl-shaped basin in the top of the volcano
- 28ventcentral tube which magma travels through
- 29secondary coneseruptions from other vents may build up secondary cones on the flanks
- 30ash, steam and gasmaterial thrown out by the volcano
- 31volcanic bombslarger material thrown out by the force of eruption
- 32composite volcanoesare steep-sided and cone-shaped, made up of layers of ash and lava and containing sticky lava which doesn’t flow very far.
- 33shield volcanoeshave gently sloping sides and runny lava that covers a wide area. Gases escape very easily from shield volcanoes.
- 34primary impacts of earthquakesbuildings and bridges collapse
people are injured/killed
roads/railways/ports damaged
electricity supplies cut off
gas pipes broken
telephone lines damaged
water/sewage pipes broken - 35secondary impacts of earthquakestrigger landslides/tsunamis
gas leaks
people left homeless
psychological problems
shortage of clean water
roads blocked
businesses damaged - unemployment - 36impacts of earthquakes are more severe in LEDCspoor quality housing
poor infrastructure
not much money for protection
less money/resources
poor healthcare - 37people live in earthquake prone areasalways lived there
employed in the area
confident of government support - 38reduce impacts of earthquakesprediction
building techniques
planning
education
aid - 39earthquake in MEDC: Italy 6th April 2009 6.3 on richter scale destructive margin damage $15 billion290 deaths
thousands buildings damaged
thousands made homeless
ambulances/fire engines/army sent to rescue survivors
laws mean some buildings withstand earthquakes - 40earthquake in LEDC: Pakistan 8th October 2005 7.6 on richter scale destructive margin damage $5 billion80,000 deaths
entire villages destroyed
3 million homeless
buildings not designed to withstand earthquakes
no help emergency services - 41lots of people live close to volcanoesfertile soil - minerals
tourist attractions
source of geothermal energy - 42primary impacts of volcanoesbuilding/roads destroyed - lava
people/animals killed
crops damaged
water supplies contaminated
CO2 causes suffocation - 43secondary impacts of volcanoesmudflows cause destruction
fire started by lava flow
psychological problems
homeless
shortage of food/clean water
emergency vehicles blocked
business damage - unemployment
acid rain - SO2 - 44reducing impacts of volcanoesprediction
planning
building techniques
education
aid
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- GCSE (Natural Hazards) Geography Fichas sobre Tectonic Hazards flashcards, creado por katiehumphrey el 18/01/2014.
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