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Restless Earth Glossary
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- 1CrustThe solid rock layer we live upon
*6-70km thick - 2Platethe two sub-layers of the earth's crust (lithosphere) that move, float, and sometimes fracture and whose interaction causes continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and oceanic trenches
- 3Oceanic crust (properties)- Can be renewed and destroyed
- Younger, most is less than 2000 years old
-Can sink
-more dense - 4Continental crust (properties)- Cannot be renewed or destroyed
- Older, over 1500 million years old
- Can't sink
- less dense - 5Plate MarginThe boundary where two plates meet
- 6Mantle- The widest section of the earth.
- It is made up of semi-molten rock called magma
- Hot (5000'C) - 7Convection currents1) Radioactive decay in the core heats the mantle
2) The hot magma becomes less dense and particles rise
3) Near the surface the magma cools and becomes more dense so particles sink
4) This moves to the side and passes under the crusts creating friction causing the plates to move. - 8Constructive plate boundaryplates are forced apart by convection currents, leaving a gap behind them.
magma then rises to fill the gap and gradually cools and solidifies.
(oceanic)
- 9Collision plate boundaryconvection currents cause continental plates collide. Neither can be subducted as they are the same density so are forced upwards and form mountains (orogeny)
- 10Fold mountainsLarge mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together
- 11Ocean trenchesDeep sections of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate
- 12Composite volcano-Found at a destructive plate boundary
-A steep-sided and narrow base
-Made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash
-secondary cones may form
-infrequent violent eruptions - 13Shield volcano-Found at a constructive plate boundary
-Wide base and gentle slopes
-mostly made up of lava
-frequent, non-violent eruptions - 14—
- 15SubsistenceFarming to provide food and other resources for the farmer’s own family
- 16TerracesSteps cut into hillsides to create areas of flat land
- 17IrrigationArtificial watering of the land
- 18Hydroelectric powerThe use of flowing water to turn turbines to generate electricity
- 19Natural hazardAn occurrence over which people have little control, which poses a threat to people’s lives and possessions. This is different from a natural event as volcanoes can erupt in unpopulated areas without being a hazard
- 20Primary effectsThe immediate effects of the eruption, caused directly by it
- 21Secondary effectsThe after-effects that occur as an indirect effect of the eruption on a longer timetable
- 22AidMoney, food, training and technology given by richer countries to help poorer ones, either to help with an emergency or to encourage long-term development
- 23EarthquakeA sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the earth’s crust, which is felt at the surface
- 24Immediate responsesHow people react as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath
- 25Long-term responsesLater reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event
- 26VentThe opening – usually central and single – in a volcano, from which magma is emitted
- 27LaharThese secondary effects of a volcanic eruption are mudflows resulting from ash mixing with melting ice or water
- 28SupervolcanoA mega colossal volcano that erupts at least 1,000km3 of material
- 29CalderaThe depression of the supervolcano marking the collapsed magma chamber
- 30FissuresExtended openings along a line of weakness that allow magma to escape
- 31GeothermalWater that is heated beneath the ground, which comes to the surface in a variety of ways
- 32GeyserA geothermal feature in which water erupts into the air under pressure
- 33Hot spotA section of the earth’s crust where plumes of magma rise weakening the crust. These are away from plate boundaries
- 34EarthquakeA sudden and brief period of intense ground shaking
- 35FocusThe point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake originates
- 36Richter ScaleA logarithmic scale used for measuring earthquakes, based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement
- 37EpicentreThe point at the earth’s surface directly above the focus
- 38Shock wavesSeismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earth’s crust
- 39Mercalli scaleA means of measuring earthquakes by describing and comparing the damage done, on a scale of I to XII
- 40DebtMoney owed to others, to a bank or to a global organisation such as the World Bank
- 41The three PsThe collective term for prediction, protection and preparation
- 42PredictionAttempts to forecast an event – where and when it will happen – based on current knowledge
- 43ProtectionConstructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse
- 44PreparationOrganising activities and drills so that people know what to do in event of an earthquake
- 45TsunamiA special type of wave where the entire depth of the sea or ocean is set in motion by an event, often an earthquake, which displaces the water above it and creates a huge wave
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- GCSE Geography Fichas sobre Restless Earth Glossary, creado por Olivia Allen el 07/12/2016.
- Creado por
- Olivia Allen
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- Creado por Clare Magor · 26 mar 2015
- Copiado por Olivia Allen · 7 dic 2016
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