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Unit 5 - Upper Extremity

RadTech Fairy Image Evaluation ARRT Inglés 109 fichas

Unit 5 - Upper Extremity

Fichas del conjunto (109)

  1. 1Upper extremity usually uses _____ -scale contrast.SHORT SCALE CONTRAST
    high contrast
    low kVp
  2. 2What will happen when the part is not parallel to the IR?SHAPE DISTORTION
    foreshortening
    elongation
    joint spaces closed    What will happen when the part is not parallel to the IR?
  3. 3Oblique Digitfinger not parallel to IR
    *should be more concave to one side*    Oblique Digit
  4. 4Oblique Digitfinger not obliqued to 45 degrees - can't see the concavity of one side of the digit
    joint spaces closed    Oblique Digit
  5. 5Lateral Digitfinger bent back - not truly lateralLateral Digit
  6. 6Lateral DigitartifactLateral Digit
  7. 7AP Thumbmetacarpals overlapping thumbAP Thumb
  8. 8Oblique Thumbslightly overrotated
    foreshortened distal phalanx    Oblique Thumb
  9. 9Lateral Thumbsshould be concave to one side only and straight on the other
    images are not truly lateral    Lateral Thumbs
  10. 10PA Handdistal phalynxes are bent
    flatten hand to true PA
    *should be equal concavity on all digits*    PA Hand
  11. 11PA Handobliqued - fingers are not equally concave on both sides
    distal metacarpals are overlapped    PA Hand
  12. 12Oblique HandOverly obliqued - metacarpals superimposed
    joint spaces closed - fingers bent    Oblique Hand
  13. 13Oblique HandMCP joints superimposed - fingers too close together
    *underexposed    Oblique Hand
  14. 14Oblique Handjoint spaces closed
    hand overly obliqued
    MCP joints superimposed    Oblique Hand
  15. 15Fan Lateral Handphalanges are superimposed and not well visualized
    patient's hand is externally rotated    Fan Lateral Hand
  16. 16Fan Lateralpatient's 2nd digit is bent - closed joint space
    hand is internally rotated    Fan Lateral
  17. 17Fan Lateralpatient's metacarpals are not superimposed - hand is externally rotated
    distal phalanx's are bent - joint spaces closed
    not truly lateral    Fan Lateral
  18. 18PA Wristwrist externally rotated - joint spaces closed, proximal metacarpals superimposed, carpals superimposed
    radiocarpal joint is closed    PA Wrist
  19. 19Oblique Wristover rotation
    radial styloid is not seen in profile    Oblique Wrist
  20. 20Lateral Wristunder rotation - radius and ulna are not superimposed, hand is internally rotatedLateral Wrist
  21. 21AP Forearmnot AP - wrist is internally rotated, proximal radius and ulna are superimposedAP Forearm
  22. 22Lateral ForearmElbow is not 90 degrees
    proximal radius and ulna are superimposed    Lateral Forearm
  23. 23AP Elbowhumerus is externally rotated because the epicondyles are not in profileAP Elbow
  24. 24AP Oblique Elbow Internal RotationInsufficient obliquityAP Oblique Elbow Internal Rotation
  25. 25AP Oblique Elbow Internal RotationExcessive obliquityAP Oblique Elbow Internal Rotation
  26. 26AP Oblique Elbow External Rotationforearm is not parallel to IR
    capitulum-radial joint is closed
    olecranon is not in the fossa    AP Oblique Elbow External Rotation
  27. 27AP Oblique Elbow External RotationUnderrotation
    distal forearm slightly elevated    AP Oblique Elbow External Rotation
  28. 28AP Oblique Elbow External RotationOverrotationAP Oblique Elbow External Rotation
  29. 29Lateral ElbowThe elbow is elevated above the level of the shoulder
    radial head anterior to coronoid - should be superimposed
    capitulum too proximal to trochlea
    radial tuberosity seen - hand is pronated    Lateral Elbow
  30. 30Lateral ElbowElbow is depressed below the level of the shoulder
    radial head superimposed by coronoid
    capitulum too distal to medial trochlea    Lateral Elbow
  31. 31Lateral Elbowthe distal wrist is elevated
    hand is pronated because you can see the radial tuberosity - should not see that    Lateral Elbow
  32. 32AP Humerushumeral epicodyles not in profile
    radial head, neck and tuberosity to not superimpose ulna
    arm is externally rotated (greater tubercle in profile)    AP Humerus
  33. 33Lateral Humerusover rotation places the humeral head within the field of the chestLateral Humerus
  34. 34Lateral Humerusepicondyles are not perpendicular
    humerus is internally rotated (lesser tubercle is in profile medially)
    overrotation    Lateral Humerus
  35. 35AP Shoulder internal rotationthe MCP is tilted posteriorly as marked by the superior scapular angle is inferior to the clavicleAP Shoulder internal rotation
  36. 36AP Shoulderpatient is rotated towards the unaffected shoulder:
    decreased thoracic superimposition over the scapular body    AP Shoulder
  37. 37AP Shoulderpatient is rotated towards affected side:increased thoracic superimposition over the scapular bodyAP Shoulder
  38. 38Inferosuperior Axiolateral Shoulderhumerus is foreshortened - humeral head is distorted
    arm is not abducted 90 degrees from body    Inferosuperior Axiolateral Shoulder
  39. 39GrasheyInsufficient obliquityGrashey
  40. 40GrasheyExcessive obliquityGrashey
  41. 41GrasheyMCP is tilted posteriorlyGrashey
  42. 42PA Oblique Scapular Y-LateralExcessive ObliquityPA Oblique Scapular Y-Lateral
  43. 43PA Oblique Scapular Y-LateralInsufficient ObliquityPA Oblique Scapular Y-Lateral
  44. 44PA Oblique Scapular Y-LateralMCP is tilted anteriorlyPA Oblique Scapular Y-Lateral
  45. 45PA Oblique Scapular Y-LateralMCP is tilted posteriorlyPA Oblique Scapular Y-Lateral
  46. 46AP ClavicleMCP is tilted anteriorlyAP Clavicle
  47. 47AP ClavicleMCP is tilted posteriorlyAP Clavicle
  48. 48AP ClaviclePatient is rotated towards affected shoulderAP Clavicle
  49. 49AP ClaviclePatient is rotated towards unaffected shoulderAP Clavicle
  50. 50AP AC Joints UnilateralMCP tilted anteriorlyAP AC Joints Unilateral
  51. 51AP Scapulaarm is not abducted so scapula is hidden behind the thoraxAP Scapula
  52. 52Lateral ScapulaInsufficient obliquityLateral Scapula
  53. 53Lateral ScapulaExcessive ObliquityLateral Scapula
  54. 54Oblique Sternumprojection taken as LAO instead of RAO
    sternum is projected within the heart and scapula    Oblique Sternum
  55. 55RAO Sternuminadequate breathing techniqueRAO Sternum
  56. 56Lateral Sternumpatient's left thorax is rotated anteriorlyLateral Sternum
  57. 57Lateral Sternumpatient's right thorax is rotated anteriorlyLateral Sternum
  58. 58PA Ribs Above Diaphragm Unilateralpatient rotated towards the rightPA Ribs Above Diaphragm Unilateral
  59. 59PA Ribs Below Diaphragm UnilateralExcessive obliquityPA Ribs Below Diaphragm Unilateral
  60. 60AP - LPO Ribs Above Diaphragm UnilateralInsufficient obliquityAP - LPO Ribs Above Diaphragm Unilateral
  61. 61—Left thorax is more anteriorLeft thorax is more anterior
  62. 62—Right thorax is more anteriorRight thorax is more anterior
  63. 63What's the evaluation criteria for the PA Finger X-Ray?ANATOMY:
    distal phalynx -> distal 1/2 of metacarpal demonstrated
    CRITERIA:
    - equal concavity on both sides of phalanges
    - IP and MCP open
    - no overlapping of adjacent fingers
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ PIP joint    What's the evaluation criteria for the PA Finger X-Ray?
  64. 64What's the evaluation criteria for the Lateral finger x-ray?ANATOMY:
    entire digit demonstrated
    CRITERIA:
    open joint spaces
    concave to one side, while the dorsal side is straight
    no overlapping of adjacent fingers/soft tissues
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ PIP joint    What's the evaluation criteria for the Lateral finger x-ray?
  65. 65Oblique finger x-ray image criteria?ANATOMY:
    entire digit demonstrated
    CRITERIA:
    more concavity to one side
    open joint spaces
    no superimposition of adjacent fingers
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ PIP joint    Oblique finger x-ray image criteria?
  66. 66AP Thumb CriteriaANATOMY:
    entire digit including trapezium
    CRITERIA:
    equal concavity on both sides of digit
    open joint spaces
    no superimposition from adjacent bones
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 1st MCP joint    AP Thumb Criteria
  67. 67Oblique ThumbANATOMY:
    entire digit including trapezium
    CRITERIA:
    more concave to the side farthest from IR
    open joint spaces
    no superimposition from adjacent bones
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 1st MCP joint    Oblique Thumb
  68. 68Lateral ThumbANATOMY:
    entire digit including trapezium
    CRITERIA:
    most concave to one side, while the other is straight
    open joint spaces
    no superimposition from adjacent bones
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 1st MCP joint    Lateral Thumb
  69. 69PA HandANATOMY:
    entire hand including 1'' of distal radius and ulna
    CRITERIA:
    equal concavity on either side of digits
    digits separated with no superimposition
    open joint spaces
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 3rd MCP joint    PA Hand
  70. 70Oblique HandANATOMY:
    entire hand including 1'' of distal radius and ulna
    CRITERIA:
    digits more concave to one side
    minimal overlap of 3rd-5th metacarpal shafts
    separation of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 3rd MCP joint    Oblique Hand
  71. 71Lateral HandANATOMY:
    entire hand including distal 1'' of radius and ulna superimposed
    CRITERIA:
    metacarpals and distal radius/ulna are superimposed
    thumb is free of superimposition
    *thumb in lateral position*
    open joint spaces
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 3rd MCP joint
    LAT Extension: foreign body localization
    LAT Flexion: phalanges    Lateral Hand
  72. 72PA WristANATOMY:
    all carpals including midmetacarpals and distal radius/ulna
    CRITERIA:
    true PA is marked by symmetry of proximal metacarpals
    carpals should be free of superimposition of the metacarpals and radius/ulna
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midcarpals    PA Wrist
  73. 73Oblique WristANATOMY:
    carpals on lateral side of wrist, scaphoid
    CRITERIA:
    scaphoid well demonstrated
    45 degree obliquity
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midcarpals    Oblique Wrist
  74. 74LCRITERIA:
    radius/ulna should be superimposed
    thumb should be forward
    metacarpals superimposed
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midcarpals    L
  75. 75AP ForearmANATOMY:
    entire forearm: wrist joint -> elbow joint
    CRITERIA:
    slight superimposition of proximal radius/ulna
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midforearm    AP Forearm
  76. 76Lateral ForearmANATOMY:
    entire forearm including wrist joint and elbow joint
    CRITERIA:
    humeral epicondyles must be superimposed
    distal radius/ulna superimposed
    half of radial head superimposed by coronoid process
    olecranon process in profile
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midforearm    Lateral Forearm
  77. 77AP ElbowANATOMY:
    distal humerus - proximal forearm
    CRITERIA:
    slight superimposition of proximal radius/ulna
    humeral epicondyles in profile
    open joint space
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midelbow    AP Elbow
  78. 78Medial Oblique ElbowANATOMY:
    proximal radius/ulna, distal humerus, medial epicondyle and trochlea
    CRITERIA:
    coronoid process in profile
    radial head and neck should superimpose the ulna
    olecranon process seen within olecranon fossa
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midelbow    Medial Oblique Elbow
  79. 79Lateral Oblique ElbowANATOMY:
    open joint space, radial head, neck, tuberosity, and capitulum
    CRITERIA:
    radial head, neck, and tuberosity are free of superimposition
    humeral epicondyles and capitulum in profile
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midelbow    Lateral Oblique Elbow
  80. 80Lateral Elbow Evaluation CriteriaANATOMY:
    distal humerus, proximal forearm, entire elbow joint
    CRITERIA:
    humeral epicondyles are superimposed
    radial tuberosity is invisible (if visible the hand is pronated)
    half of the radial head superimposed by coronoid process
    Elbow is flexed 90 degrees to see/not see fad pads
    3 concentric arcs visible
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ lateral epicondyle    Lateral Elbow Evaluation Criteria
  81. 81AP HumerusANATOMY:
    entire humerus: shoulder -> elbow
    CRITERIA:
    greater tubercle in profile - hand externally rotated
    humeral epicondyles are parallel to IR
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midhumerus    AP Humerus
  82. 82Lateral HumerusANATOMY:
    entire humerus: shoulder -> elbow
    CRITERIA:
    lesser tubercle in profile - arm internally rotated
    epicondyles superimposed
    POSITIONING:
    pt rotated 15-20 degrees from PA to get arm lateral and away from chest - flex elbow 90 degrees
    CR perpendicular @ midhumerus    Lateral Humerus
  83. 83AP Shoulder NeutralANATOMY:
    proximal humerus, lateral 2/3 of clavicle, open shoulder joint
    CRITERIA:
    humeral epicondyles are 45 degrees to the IR
    neither tubercle should be seen on the humeral head
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 1'' inferior to coracoid process    AP Shoulder Neutral
  84. 84AP Shoulder Internal RotationCRITERIA:
    lesser tubercle in profile medially
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 1'' inferior to coracoid process    AP Shoulder Internal Rotation
  85. 85AP Shoulder External RotationCRITERIA:
    greater tubercle in profile laterally
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ 1'' inferior to coracoid process    AP Shoulder External Rotation
  86. 86Scapular Y-LateralANATOMY:
    humeral head resting in the 'Y' of the acromion and coracoid process
    CRITERIA:
    vertebral border and lateral border of scapula are directly superimposed
    humeral head is aligned with body of scapula
    POSITIONING:
    pt's unaffected arm is abducted 90 degrees, pt in 45-60 degree anterior oblique
    CR perpendicular @ scapulohumeral joint
    (neer) CR angled 10-15 degrees caudal @ scapulohumeral joint    Scapular Y-Lateral
  87. 87Inferosuperior Axial ShoulderANATOMY:
    lateral view of the proximal humerus in relation to the glenoid fossa
    CRITERIA:
    lesser tubercle in profile medially
    humeral head is in the center of VOI
    POSITIONING:
    affected arm abducted 90 degrees, hand rotated externally with hand supinated
    CR horizontal 25-30 degrees medial to the scapulohumeral joint    Inferosuperior Axial Shoulder
  88. 88Posterior Oblique GrasheyANATOMY:
    glenoid cavity in profile
    glenohumeral joint center of VOI
    CRITERIA:
    open glenoid cavity
    anterior/posterior rims of glenoid cavity are superimposed
    POSITIONING:
    pt in 35-40 degree posterior oblique
    CR perpendicular @ glenoid cavity    Posterior Oblique Grashey
  89. 89AP ClavicleANATOMY:
    entire clavicle with both AC and SC joints included
    CRITERIA:
    entire clavicle and acromion are included
    lateral clavicle bows up, while the medial clavicle is superimposed by ribs 2-3
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midclavicle    AP Clavicle
  90. 90AP Axial ClavicleANATOMY:
    entire clavicle and both joints included
    CRITERIA:
    clavicle is more horizontal, and projected above the scapula and ribs
    medial end may be superimposed by ribs
    POSITIONING:
    CR angled 15-30 degrees cephalic @ midclavicle    AP Axial Clavicle
  91. 91AC JointsANATOMY:
    Bilateral AC joints included and open
    CRITERIA:
    non weight bearing and weight bearing projections marked correctly
    both joints included
    lateral clavicle almost horizontal
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ jugular notch    AC Joints
  92. 92AP ScapulaANATOMY:
    entire scapula
    midscapula center of VOI
    CRITERIA:
    lateral border seen without superimposition of thorax
    humerus abducted 90 degrees
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midscapula    AP Scapula
  93. 93Lateral ScapulaANATOMY:
    entire scapula
    CRITERIA:
    vertebral border and lateral border directly superimposed
    humerus abducted to view scapular body
    POSITIONING:
    45-60 degree oblique (to get scapula perpendicular to IR)
    CR perpendicular to midscapular body    Lateral Scapula
  94. 94RAO SternumANATOMY:
    jugular notch, SC joints, sternal body, and xiphoid process
    CRITERIA:
    sternum projected within heart shadow next to vertebral column
    POSITIONING:
    pt. rotated 15-20 degrees
    breathing technique
    CR perpendicular @ midsternum (2 fingers off downside spine)    RAO Sternum
  95. 95Lateral SternumANATOMY:
    manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid in profile
    CRITERIA:
    72'' SID reduces OID
    arms must be behind pt's back
    POSITIONING:
    CR perpendicular @ midsternum    Lateral Sternum
  96. 96AP/PA RibsANATOMY:
    all ribs demonstrated
    1-9 for upper
    8-12 for lower
    CRITERIA:
    no motion/breathing
    POSITIONING:
    AP ribs when pt c/o posterior pain
    PA ribs when pt c/o anterior pain
    CR perpendicular @ T7    AP/PA Ribs
  97. 97Oblique RibsCRITERIA:
    45 degree oblique will shift spine away from anatomy of interest
    LPO/RAO = left axillary ribs
    RPO/LAO = right axillary ribs
    ribs 1-9 are seen on above diaphragm projections
    ribs 8-12 see on below diaphragm projections
    CR perpendicular @ T7    Oblique Ribs
  98. 98with digital, if the mAs is too high your image will appearbrightness appropriate
  99. 99with digital, if the IR is not exposed to enough radiationimage brightness will be appropriate
    quantum noise will be visible
  100. 100increasing tube filtration will ___increase beam energy and decrease radiographic contrast
  101. 101casts made of fiberglass require ______ in exposure factorsno change
  102. 102to see soft tissues with DR, the standard exposure factors should be ______left the same because you can change window level to see tissues
  103. 103Increasing SID will have what effect on your image?will be sharper
  104. 104what will happen to the contrast if the atomic number of the structure is increased?contrast will increase due to increased absorption
  105. 105When using the AEC, the RT must set the ____kVp
  106. 106a higher kVp on an AEC exam results in ____shorter exposure time
  107. 107When using AEC, what is the most critical aspect of performing the exam?centering the anatomy of interest over the detector
  108. 108what is a grid ratio?the height of the lead strips inside the grid vs. the space between them
  109. 109When you apply a grid during an exam what will happen to your contrast?employing a grid will result in higher contrast in your image because less scatter is reaching the IR

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ARRT Image Evaluation Fichas sobre Unit 5 - Upper Extremity, creado por RadTech Fairy el 27/02/2017.
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RadTech Fairy
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