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All the Named Enzymes You Ever Needed to Know
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- 1Adenylate Cyclase (also known as Adenylyl Cyclase)When activated by the hormone receptor binding to adrenaline and glucagon, it converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP)
- 2AmylaseHydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in starch to produce maltose
Produced by the salivary glands and the pancreas - 3ATP HydrolaseHydrolyses a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP and Pi
(energy is released in this reaction) - 4ATP SynthaseResynthesises ATP in a condensation reaction to form a phosphate bond between ADP and Pi
Involved in Cyclic and Oxidative Phosphorylation - 5Dehydrogenase EnzymesCatalyse the reduction of NADP
- 6DipeptidasesHydrolyse the peptide bond in dipeptides
Often found on the cell membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine - 7DNA HelicaseBreaks the hydrogen bonds between bases on the two DNA strands
- 8DNA LigaseJoins the sticky ends of DNA fragments - Ligation
- 9DNA MethyltransferaseAttaches methyl groups to cytosine
- 10DNA PolymeraseForms phosphodiester bonds between the DNA nucleotides
Travels down the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction because of its active site (which means the new strand is made in the 5' to 3' direction) - 11Endopeptidases (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Pepsin)Hydrolyse peptide bonds in a protein
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin are produced in the pancreas
Pepsin is released in the stomach by cells in stomach lining - only works in acidic conditions - 12ExopeptidasesHydrolyse peptide bonds at the ends of protein molecules, removing a single amino acid
- 13Histone Deacetylase (HDAC)Removes acetyl groups from histones
Can be inhibited by drugs like romidepsin - 14Kinase AWhen activated by cAMP, it activates a cascade that performs glycogenolysis
- 15LipasesHydrolyse ester bonds in lipids to form monoglycerides and fatty acids
Produced in the pancreas
Assisted by bile salts - 16LysozymesStored in lysosomes
Lytic enzymes that digest invading cells or break down worn out parts of the cell - 17Membrane-Bound Disaccahridases (Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase)Hydrolyse glycosidic bonds
- Maltase: breaks down maltose into 2 glucose molecules
- Sucrase: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
- Lactase: breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
Attached to the cell membranes of the ileum's epithelial cells - 18Restriction EndonucleaseRecognises specific palindromic sequences and digests the DNA at these points
Specific to a particular Recognition Sequence - 19Reverse TranscriptaseMakes cDNA from an RNA template
Found in retroviruses like HIV - 20RNA PolymeraseAssists in Transcription
1. Opens the double helix at the start of a gene
2. Forms phosphodiester bonds between the complementary RNA nucleotides lined up next to the exposed template strand = mRNA
3. Disassembles the mRNA from the DNA - 21RubiscoJoins carbon dioxide to RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
- 22Chymosin (Rennin) EXAMPLE ENZYME: NOT NECESSARYUsed in cheese making
Made from rennet (substance produced in cows' stomachs) but now can also be made cheaply in large quantities by transformed organisms, meaning cheese can be suitable for vegetarians since no cows have to be killed
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- Descripción
- All of the enzymes covered in the AQA A-Level Biology course and their functions.
- Creado por
- Eleanor H
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