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Edexcel History A The Cold War - 3 Major Conflicts
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- 1Refugee Problems-East German Government was highly unpopular
-Many East Germans fled to West Germany
-1949-1961 2.7 million East Germans escaped to West Germany
-Many were highly skilled, causing a brain drain
-Propaganda disaster for USSR as it proved that people preferred capitalism - 2Khrushchev's Ultimatum-November 1958
-Declared that all of Berlin belonged to East Germany
-Gave US troops 6 months to withdraw - 3Series of SummitsEisenhower didn't want to give in, or go to war, so a series of summits were held
-Geneva Summit May 1959, no solution but laid groundwork
-Camp David September 1959, withdrawal of the ultimatum but no solution to the problem
-Paris Summit May 1960, disaster because US spy plane shot down over Soviet soil and Eisenhower refused to apologise so Khrushchev walked out
-Vienna Conference June 1961, Kennedy now president, neither willing to back down but Khrushchev thought new president would be weak so restarted the ultimatum - 4Kennedy's response-Refused to back down
-Declared he wouldn't remove US troops
-America began preparing for war
-Additional $3.2 billion to defence spending
-$207 million on nuclear fallout shelters - 5The Berlin Wall-Khrushchev knew he couldn't win a nuclear war against the USA
-1961 US had 20 times more nuclear weapons than the USSR
-Kennedy had called Khrushchev's bluff
-12th August 1961 East German troops put up a barbed wire all around West Berlin at night
-Fence was reinforced and eventually became a heavily guarded wall
-Soviet tanks were deployed to block western access
-18 hour stand off with US tanks
-Eventually the tanks began to pull back - 6Berlin Wall: Impact-Stopped East Germans from escaping into West Germany
-Allowed Khrushchev to avoid war and appear strong
-Powerful symbol of division in Europe - 7Kennedy's Visit-1963 Kennedy toured West Berlin and expressed solidarity
-Gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech
-Germans lined the streets shouting "Kenne-dy" - 8Developing Arms Race-USA schools had had regular duck and cover rehearsal for the event of a nuclear attack
-1960 Britain and France had nuclear weapons and China was close to developing one
-Statistics on nuclear capacity was intended to intimidate the other side rather than reflect the truth - 9Arms Race: Numbers-Inter-continental ballistic missiles, USA 450, USSR 76
-Mid-range airborne ballistic missiles, USA 250, USSR 700
-Nuclear submarines, USA 32, USSR 12
-Long-range bombers able to carry nuclear missiles USA 2 260, USSR 1 600 - 10Arms Race: Concerns-USA concerned with the rate that the USSR were producing missiles, Tsar Bomba 1961 was the post powerful bomb ever
-USSR concerned that US missiles were much closer than their missiles, 1958 nuclear weapons on British bases, 1961 in their bases in Turkey and Italy
-USSR had relatively few missiles and no way of dropping them on American soil - 11Space Race-1957 Sputnik was launched
-1960 there was a Soviet robot on the moon
-Many Americans believed that satellites in space could be used to launch nuclear missiles on them - 12Cuba-Cuba was traditionally a US ally
-American companies ran:
-90% of phone and electricity supply
-50% of railways
-40% of sugar production
-Supplied and ran all oil refineries - 13Cuban Revolution-Cuban revolution overthrew the pro America government
-Fidel Castro declared all land belonged to Cuba, France accepted money for this, USA didn't and banned import of sugar, nearly bankrupting the economy
-Cuba traded sugar with USSR and took it's oil
-US refineries refused to take the Soviet oil
-Castro nationalised the refineries
-USA banned all trade with Cuba - 14Bay of Pigs: Planning-By this time CIA had tried and failed to assassinate Castro on multiple occasions
-CIA persuaded Kennedy to launch an invasion of Cuba to put Batista back into power
They told Kennedy:
-It would look like a Cuban revolt, they'd been training Cuban exiles as guerrilla fighters
-Castro's hold on the country was weak
-Most Cubans would join in the invasion - 15Bay of Pigs: Invasion-Castro was aware of the supposedly secret plan
-Most Cubans did not want Batista back
-Disguised US planes missed the target, were photographed and US involvement made public
-Cuban exile army of 1 400 faced heavy air attacks and 20 000 of Castro's troops
-Kennedy sent in planes but it was too late, the Cuban exiles surrendered - 16Bay of Pigs: Consequences-Ended any chance of a friendly relationship
-Castro declared himself communist
-Americans made new plans to overthrow Castro
-USSR negotiated with Castro about military protection
-Khrushchev decided to put nuclear missiles on Cuba, which would deter invasion and boost the USSR in the arms race - 17Spotting of the Missiles-25th September 1962 Khrushchev sent 114 ships to Cuba carrying (secretly) nuclear warheads and long-range missiles
-Missiles spotted by US spy plane mid-october - 18Cuban Missile Crisis-16th October 1962 Kennedy discovers USSR's plans
-20th October 1962 Kennedy imposes a naval blockade
-22nd October 1962 Kennedy publicly announces the blockade and tells Khrushchev to recall his ships
-Khrushchev says Soviet ships will break through the blockade
-American and Soviet armies prepare for war
-Khrushchev proposes to withdraw nuclear missiles in return for a guarantee that US won't invade Cuba
-27th October 1962 Khrushchev learns that the US have plans to invade Cuba within 24 hours
-Proposes withdrawal of missiles in return for no invasion of Cuba and a withdrawal of turkey missiles
-Robert Kennedy accepts the deal but insists withdrawal of Turkey missiles is to remain secret
-28th October 1962 Khrushchev accepts the secret deal - 19Hawks and Doves-Kennedy's advisers split into two groups, hawks and doves
-Hawks wanted an aggressive policy, some US generals thought war was inevitable and Kennedy should start it as US had a good chance of winning
-Doves advised caution and diplomatic strategies - 20Cuban Missile Crisis: Immediate Consequences-Khrushchev looked weak as withdrawal of missiles from Turkey remained secret
-June 1963 hotline set up for direct communication between the Kremlin and the White House
-August 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty limited nuclear testing to only underground
-Beginning of detente, a relaxing of tension - 21Cuban Missile Crisis: Long-term Consequences-Leaders of USSR determined not to be pushed around again, by 1965 caught up in the arms race with nuclear capability
-Realised that war would be MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
-1966 France left NATO, as Cuban Missile Crisis had been too close a call - 22Czechoslovakia-Satellite state where communism had few benefits for the people
-Majority of Czech people suffered a decline in standard of living
-In mid 1960s secret police still brutally crushed all opposition
-Political resentment and economic problems made Antonin Novotny highly unpopular
-5th January 1968 Alexander Dubcek became communist party leader, the most powerful person - 23Dubcek-Committed communist who was friends with Brezhnev (Khrushchev's successor)
-Wanted a genuinely popular form of communism, "socialism with a human face"
-Wanted to get rid of oppressive parts of communism
-Reform the economy
-Allow cultural feedom - 24Prague Spring-Started April 1968
-Relaxation of press censorship
-Legalisation of political opposition groups
-Official toleration of government criticism
-More power to regional Czech Parliament
-More power to regional governments
-"Market socialism" introduced capitalist concepts into the economy - 25Prague Spring: Popularity-Welcomed with enthusiasm by students, intellectuals, workers and younger people
-Artists and writers took advantage of it and books, plays and essays critical of soviet-style communism were published
-Older communists along with Brezhnev and Eastern European allies shocked - 26Brezhnev's Dilemma-Considered Dubcek a friend
-Dubcek had made no attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact or harm the USSR
-Intelligence reports suggested that the reforms were weakening soviet control though
-From August to July was in constant contact with Dubcek trying to persuade him that the reforms had gone too far - 27Prague Spring: Soviet response-20th August 1968 Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia
-Dubcek ordered the Czech people not to respond with violence
-A lot of non-violent civil disobedience
-Many students stood in the way of tanks holding anti invasion banners
-Dubcek arrested and taken to Moscow
-Forced to sign the Moscow Protocol which reintroduced press censorship and removed opposition - 28Brezhnev DoctrineThe idea that the USSR has the right to invade any country that threatens the security of the Eastern Bloc
- 29Prague Spring: American Response-America was very preoccupied with Vietnam
-Kept detente
-Publicly condemned the invasion but offered no military support - 30Prague Spring: Western European Response-Followed America's lead, publicly condemned the invasion but offered no military support
-Communist parties of Italy and France declared themselves independent of the USSR - 31Prague Spring: Eastern European Response-Yugoslavian and Romanian government condemned the invasion and distanced themselves from the USSR
-They also formed and alliance with China
-East German and Polish Governments welcomed the response as their pro-Moscow leaders may lose they're jobs
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- The 3 major conflicts of the Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis and Prague Spring that you need to know for Edexcel History A GCSE
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- Natalia Cliff
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