Separation Methods

Separation Methods

1. Filtration

   • separates insoluble solids from liquid
   • residue gets left in paper
     • filtrate goes through funnel

2. Key words

   • crystalisation
   • Distillation
     • Leibig condenser
       • Condenser in distillation
     • Impure solvent
       • What is put in at beginning of distillation
   • Chromotography
     • Differential
       • Showing a difference, distinctive
     • Stationary phase
       • Part of apparatus which doesn't move with sample
     • Affinity
       • Natural attraction or force between things
     • Mobile phase
       • Liquid of gas that carries component
   • Filtration
     • Residue
       • Substance left in filter paper
     • Filtrate
       • Substance which goes through funnel
   • Other
     • Solute
       • solid chemical - is dissolved
     • Solvent
       • Chemical liquid - dissolves another chemical
     • Solution
       • Mixture of solute and solvent

3. Crystallisation

   • Soluble liquids can be separated
   • Method
     • 1. Solution is heated - get rid of some solvent
     • 2. As solvent evaporates, solution more concentrated
     • 3. Solution can be checked to see if ready - place drop of solution on microscopic slide
       • Crystals should form quickly on cool glass
     • 4. Solution is left to cool and crystallise
     • 5. Crystals are filtered, rinsed and dried

4. Distillation

   • 2 types
     • Simple Distillation
       • separates 1 liquid
     • Fractional Distillation
       • separates a mixture of liquids
   • Method
     • 1. Heat solution in flask, it evaporates, steam rises to condenser, salt is left behind
     • 2. Condenser is cold (water jacket), steam condenses
     • 3. Water drips into beaker - distilled water

5. Chromatography

   • Used to identify, analyse, purify and/or quantify a mixture of components
   • Some particles travel further than others - different solubility / attractions
   • RF (retention factor)
     • Used to compare components of various samples.
     • Distanced from base line to the spot -------------------------------- distance from the base line to the solvent
     • Always less than 1

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