Biochemistry

Biochemistry

1. all living things are made up of macromolecules

   • large biological molecules (polymers) made up of small repeating units (monomers)

2. Polymer Reactions

   • Dehydration synthesis
     • two monomers bind together and water is produced
     • endergonic reaction
   • Hydrolysis
     • breaks down proteins into monomers using water
     • allows nutrients to be reassembled and used to make other polymerrs or to produce energy
     • exergonic reaction
   • Peptide Bond
     • the covalent bond between one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid

3. Carbohydrates

   • composed of sugar monomers (monosaccarides), bonding through dehydration synthesis
   • preferred energy for body/brain
   • Monosaccarides
     • fructose, galactose, ribose?deoxyribose, glucose
   • Disaccarides
     • 2 monomers, simple CHO
     • lactose, maltose, sucrose
   • Polysaccarides
     • 3 or more monomers, complex CHO
     • energy storage
     • structure
   • linear vs. branched
   • Test for Carbs
     • Benedict's Reagent
       • green, orange, red: positive
     • Iodine test
       • black: positive

4. Proteins

   • consists of one or more polypeptide polymers in unique 3D shapes
   • monomers
     • nitrogen containing amino acids
   • polymers
     • peptides and polypeptide chains composed of many amino acids
   • protein folding
     • 3degree structure and is a result of hydrophobic/hydrophlic/ionic and H-bonding interactions
   • final protein structure
     • 4degree structure and is a result of two or more polypeptide chains binding together to form one macromolecule
   • protein denaturation
     • unfolding of a protein due to loss of secondary and tertiary structure
   • Biuret Solution
     • pink: peptide
     • purple: polypeptide

5. Nucleic Acids

   • encodes biological information in sequences of nucleotide monomers
   • DNA
     • deoxyribonucleic acid
   • RNA
     • ribonucleic acid

6. Lipids

   • larger molecules made up of smaller sub-units often containing glycerol
   • Fats
     • stores energy for long-term use
     • Saturated Fats
       • single bonds, animal products + tropical oils solid at room temp
     • Unsaturated Fats
       • monounsaturated, liquids or soft solids, carbon double bond, avacados
     • Polyunsaturated Fats
       • liquids at room temp, multible double carbon bonds, fish, eggs
   • Phospholipids
     • polar bc of glycerol + fatty acids + PO4
   • Steroids
     • 4 ring groups and different functional groups, different structure creates different functions
     • cholesterol, sex hormones
   • Waxes
     • long-chain fatty acids, waterproof coatings

7. Enzymes

   • Biological Catalysts
   • end in "-ase"
   • active site that a specific substrate will bind onto