CONTEXT

CONTEXT

1. indexicality

   • context of utterance is influenced by deixis, which concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize its features

2. context can't be pre-formed, it is contructed while speaking and is dependent on many things; it's a setting, time and people surrounding the message

3. deixis

   • "(...)the name given to uses of items and categories of lexicon and grammar that are controlled by certain details of the interactional situation in which the utterances are produced. These details include especially the identity of the participants in the communicating situation, their locations and orientation in space, whatever on-going indexing acts the participants may be performing, and the time at which the utterance containing the items is produced. (Fillmore 1982: 35)
     • personal deixis: shows levels of conversation: the speaker, the addressee and everybody else
     • social deixis: shows relationships and possible bonds between people mentioned in conversation
     • temporal deixis: allows the speaker to describe time
     • spacial deixis: allows the speaker to describe spatial aspect
   • ‘kinds of pointing’ (Bühler 1934: 83; 1990: 97),

4. gestures

   • "‘Gesture’ is the name for visible action when it is used as an utterance or as a part of an utterance(...) (Kendon 2004: 7); ‘integral parts of the processes of language and its use’ (McNeill 2005: 13).
   • Gestures, as well as gesticulation, are a part of language that is treated as an integrated part, even though they may not mean the same on their own. They are used spontaneously to express more aspects of the utteance better. Language and gestures are components that complement one another. However, they may vary in different cultures and social situations.
     • co-speech gestures: designed for addresses
     • co-thought gestures: designed for speaker to reflect thoughts and support thinking